Exodus 14:12Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

Moses faced an even deeper darkness than his fellow Israelites. While they were primarily fearful of the Egyptians, he was troubled by both groups. Now, he was viewed by all as a fraud—some with derision and readiness to assault, others with resentment and sorrow. This brings to mind the thoughts of Stagirius the ascetic regarding despair.

As the Israelites awaited their liberation from the oppression of Egypt, they endured immense suffering and tribulation, trapped between the sea and the threat of their enemies. Despite having witnessed the miraculous signs and wonders performed against the Egyptians and throughout the land, they soon forgot the Lord who had accomplished these deeds. In their despair over their situation, they felt hopeless about their deliverance, especially as Pharaoh and his mighty forces drew near to confront them.

When the suffering of the Hebrews in Egypt intensified following Moses' initial plea to Pharaoh for their release to worship in the wilderness, the Hebrews expressed their frustration towards Moses. They told him and Aaron, ‘Ye have given Pharaoh and his servants a sword in their hands to kill us’ (Ex. 5:21). However, this was an isolated incident. Later, the Israelites followed all of Moses' commands without complaint, recognizing them as the divine purpose. (Ex. 4:31.) Initially, when Moses revealed God’s intention to liberate them from Egyptian bondage, the leaders among the people responded with joy to his message and humbly worshiped the Lord in gratitude.

The passages in question reveal the immense struggle that Moses faced in Egypt, not just with Pharaoh but also with the people, in leading them towards their own salvation. The demoralization of the Israelites, despite witnessing numerous miracles, is quite remarkable. Their complaints are laced with both ingratitude and sharp criticism; they rapidly lose faith in their leader and in God. However, the Lord, in His mercy towards this oppressed populace, chooses not to hold their reproach against them. It is only after their national spirit has been uplifted and firmly established that their bitterness and complaints receive retribution in the wilderness. It is noteworthy, as Cook points out, that the accusation of ‘are there no graves in Egypt’ highlights their characteristic attitude. The notion of lamenting their fate could indeed find its roots in Egypt, this land known for its tombs.