Acts 13:20Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

Then they asked for a king, and God gave them Saul, the son of Kish, a man of the tribe of Benjamin, for forty years" (Acts 13:16-21).

Here the reader should note that the holy Apostle Paul counts 450 years from the entry of the sons of Israel into the promised land until the prophet Samuel. Saul reigned forty years, and David reigned forty years. Solomon began the building of the Lord's temple in the fourth year of his reign.

How, then, is it written in chapter 6 of the Third Book of Kings that Solomon began to build the Lord's temple in the 440th year from the exodus of the sons of Israel from Egypt?

It seems that here, from ancient times, some error was made by writers and copyists, when the art of printing did not yet exist. It is necessary either to add the missing number of years in chapter 6 of the Third Book of Kings, or to reduce the years in the Acts of the Apostles.

Some Roman investigators, Agnius in the Chronicle and Cornelius a Lapide on Acts, chapter 13, reason and say that in Acts one must read 350 years instead of 450 years.

Here we shall add the following reasoning. First of all, one must know that the years of the judges of Israel are counted in one way according to the opinion of chroniclers, and in another according to the understanding of the interpreters of Divine Scripture.

The chroniclers count the years as they are written in the Bible, adding to them the years during which the Israelites were in bondage to foreigners. These are as follows.

Before Othniel they were in bondage to the Syrian king Chushan-rishathaim for eight years. After Othniel they were subject to Eglon, king of Moab, for eighteen years.

Before Barak they were in bondage to the Canaanite king for twenty years. After Barak they fell under the yoke of Midian for seven years.

Before Jephthah they were slaves of the Philistines for eighteen years. Before Samson they were again in bondage to the Philistines for forty years.

When all these years are joined together, we obtain 111 years. Here are excluded the twenty years during which the Israelites were in bondage to the Philistines after Eli the priest and in the days of Samuel.

The interpreters of Divine Scripture, however, reckon these years among the years of the judges of Israel in the following way. After the elders of Israel, who ruled the people after the death of Joshua, there was the judge Othniel, Caleb's younger brother. He judged the Israelites for forty years (Judg 3:9-11).

In those years, at the beginning of his exercise of the judgeship, the Israelites were in bondage to the Syrian king. This is clearly seen from Holy Scripture, where the following is written about Othniel:

"The Spirit of the Lord was upon him, and he judged Israel, and went out to war against Chushan-rishathaim the king" (Judg 3:10).

Here one must take into account that he did not go out to war before becoming judge. Rather, he was first judge over Israel, and afterward, after some time, went out to war.

Consequently, the eight years during which the Israelites were in bondage to the Syrian king are partly included in the final years of the elders who preceded Othniel the judge. They are also partly included in the opening years of Othniel's rule as judge.

The chronograph of Kyr Dorotheos, metropolitan of Monemvasia, agrees with this. He says that in the days of Othniel's rule the Israelites were in bondage to the Syrian king and were delivered by Othniel.

The same must be understood about all the other years between the judges, during which the Israelites were under the power of foreigners. These years are partly included in the years of the judge whose rule was ending, and partly in the time of the judge entering office.

This may also be observed in the narrative concerning the days of the rule of the prophetess Deborah.

Those whom this good tidings first reached, the Jews of Jerusalem and their rulers, refused to receive it. They did not recognize the Messiah, nor understand the prophecies read every Sabbath in the synagogue. Yet by condemning the Messiah to death, they could not destroy the promise. Rather, unknowingly and contrary to their own expectation, they served its fulfillment. For He endured all that He had to suffer according to the prophets' predictions, and rose from the dead. You did not see Him, but through faith in Him you can receive forgiveness of sins and justification, which the Law could never give. Having proclaimed this promise, the Apostle added a warning against unbelief.

In this calculation, 443 years fall to the period of the Judges, that is, about four hundred and fifty years. This again shows that the earliest Christians, in relation to Old Testament history, sometimes followed a tradition known in their time, departing from the letter of Scripture; see the notes on Acts 7:2 and Acts 7:6. He gave them judges. These were leaders of the people, raised up directly by God and inspired by His Spirit (cf. Judg 3:10). They delivered the people from calamities and judged them. Their deeds are described in the Book of Judges. Until the prophet Samuel, who was the last judge of the people. Under him the people asked for a king, and God chose Saul and indicated him through Samuel. All this is described in 1 Samuel.

At times he sets forth such details as Saul's tribe and his father's name. This is probably in contrast to David, who was from the tribe that, according to Jacob's promise, was to be endowed with the gift. According to Saint John Chrysostom's explanation, "here the Apostle shows that God provided for them in various ways. He does not speak of their ingratitude, but everywhere of God's love for mankind." From this it is understandable why he did not enlarge on Gideon, Barak, Samson, or even Samuel. All that was essential, accomplished through them, was an expression of the same love of God for mankind. Everything was said to teach the Jews that even now God, by the same good pleasure, had sent His Son. As Christ spoke about the vineyard (cf. Lk 20:13), so also does he speak.