The Church Fathers on this verse

Isaiah 32:20Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

Blessed are ye that sow upon all waters, sending thither the foot of the ox and the ass.

Douay-Rheims

אַשְׁרֵיכֶ֕ם זֹרְעֵ֖י עַל־כָּל־מָ֑יִם מְשַׁלְּחֵ֥י רֶֽגֶל־הַשּׁ֖וֹר וְהַחֲמֽוֹר׃

Hebrew (Masoretic text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

8 Church Fathers comment on this verse

John Chrysostom

4th centuryChurch Father

Blessed: What does this term signify? Some interpret it as referring to those who make a return. However, I believe it points to a different notion, specifically, blessed are those who tender their hardened spirits and ready them for the sowing of heavenly seeds. The prophet did not mention, "Under all the earth," but rather, "under all the waters," emphasizing those who direct the ox and the donkey there, not solely for what they plant in their hearts but also for the purpose of storing the harvest in the barn of eternal life.

Cyrill of Alexandria

5th centuryChurch Father

The focus here shifts to agriculture and the productivity of the land, remaining within this metaphor. Those who sow by water, where both the ox and the donkey tread, are deemed blessed. In Scripture, the divine and celestial word, along with the mysteries of the saints, is referred to as water, as they also communicate through the Spirit. The Saviour Himself confirms this by stating, ‘You shall not speak, but the Spirit of your Father will speak in you’ (Matthew 10:20). Because the word of God grants life, it is appropriately compared to water, which also sustains life and promotes all that is good. Thus, by drawing from such life-giving waters, we learn to nurture the seeds of virtue and strive towards acts of devotion.

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At these waters trodden by both the ox and the donkey are the people of Judah alongside the Gentiles. God has justified both circumcised and uncircumcised through faith (Rom. 3:30). As Paul notes, by dismantling barriers and abolishing the law of commandments established by men, He brought forth one new human being, fostering peace (Eph. 2:14-16); reconciling them to God with a shared yoke and binding them in unity through faith, love, and sanctification. The Jewish people are represented as an ox, an animal deemed clean according to the law and offered to God as a pleasing aroma. In contrast, the donkey is considered unclean, which is why God commands that the firstborn from cattle be dedicated to Him, indicating that every firstborn of a donkey must be redeemed, as stated: ‘Every donkey that opens the womb shall be changed into a sheep’ (Ex. 13:2, 13). Although the Gentile nations may have been seen as unclean due to their waywardness, they were sanctified through faith, for in Christ they found justification, cleansing away the stains of their former sins through holy baptism, and alongside the Israelites, they share the yoke of our Saviour.

Gregory the Theologian

4th centuryChurch Father

Let us not allow our spirits to be diminished by seeking what is trivial and unworthy of the Giver. Blessed is the one from whom Christ requested a drink, just as He did with the Samaritan woman, for to them He grants a wellspring of water that leads to eternal life (John 4:14). Blessed is the one who sows seeds with every drop of water, nurturing every soul—seeds that will soon be harvested and nurtured, even though they are currently trodden underfoot by oxen and donkeys, overgrown with thorns, parched, and hindered by foolishness! Blessed is he who, although he seems like a brook amidst the reeds (Joel 3:18), receives nourishment from the house of the Lord, producing bread rather than mere reeds, yielding sustenance suitable for mankind and not coarse and ineffectual. Every effort should be made to ensure that we do not miss out on divine grace.

Ephraem the Syrian

4th centuryChurch Father

Blessed are those who sow beside abundant waters. They are blessed, either because liberation was promised to them or because they embraced the prophecy delivered to those who lived during Hezekiah's reign. This is predominantly applicable to the sacred apostles and evangelists, who spread the seeds of the salvific message across all nations. Where the ox and the donkey tread, the ox symbolizes the people of Israel, who were bound by the yoke of the law, while the donkey represents the Gentiles, regarded as unclean according to the law. Through the holy apostles, the gospel of Christ was universally proclaimed and shared with everyone.

Jerome of Stridon

4th centuryChurch Father

Let them take pleasure in the powerful steeds of Gaul, while we find solace in that humble donkey, prepared for the service of our Lord. By turning its back to the Master, it fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah: “Blessed are ye that sow by all waters, and send therein an ox and an ass.”

The seventy scholars translated the phrase about darkness and touch, which shall forever enshroud the caves, to suggest that one’s villages will become caves eternally. In Hebrew, these are referred to as ophel, believed to signify two strong towers in Jerusalem, reaching high into the clouds, with the first representing darkness and the second trial and steadfastness. At the conclusion of their interpretation, they stated: “blessed are they that sow on all water, where the ox and the ass tread.”

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After the calling of the Gentiles, when Christ, the sovereign ruler, reigns in righteousness, His disciples the apostles will lead the faithful with justice. This prophetic message addresses the wealthy women, likely signifying either the cities of the Jews, the congregations of that era, or more probably the affluent matronage of the Jews, to whom the command “Arise” is offered as they lay prostrate after their fall. They are often seen as presumptuous or overly hopeful and instructed to be attentive to the Lord’s words, recalling the days and year of which we will discuss further. The Saviour Himself proclaimed: “The Spirit of the Lord is upon Me, because He hath anointed Me to preach the gospel to the poor; He hath sent Me to heal the brokenhearted, to preach deliverance to the captives, and recovering of sight to the blind, to set at liberty them that are bruised” (Luke 4:18-19). This remembrance serves to bring them both sorrow and hope; they will grieve for having forsaken God while hoping for salvation through repentance.

It is declared that the gathering of grapes has ceased, and after the last devastation under Vespasian, Titus, and Hadrian, there will be no further captivity, leaving the nations without fruit to harvest. Thus, they are called to mourn, to bare their chests, and gird their loins, for the land once sought after, the fruitful vine mentioned in Scripture: “I will plant you, O ye fruitful vine, all true; you have become a sorrow, you are a stranger to the grapes” (Jeremiah 2:21), has been devastated by the Romans. The message, “In the land of My people, thorns and thistles shall grow,” indicates that if the Promised Land is filled with such weeds, how much worse will it be for other cities. The words of the Gospel will be fulfilled: “Woe unto you that laugh now, for ye shall weep” (Luke 6:20). The temple of the Lord is forsaken, as I told the apostles: “Arise, let us go hence” (John 14:31), and to the unbelievers: “Your house is left unto you desolate” (Luke 13:35). A thick darkness covered the temple sanctuaries, transforming them into eternal caves instead of places to house the Holy vessels, for they had heard from the Saviour: “My Father's house is a house of prayer; but ye have made it a den of thieves” (Luke 19:46).

Thus, he states, joy is allocated to wild donkeys, and pasture to flocks, which could be interpreted literally, highlighting the state of abandonment, or spiritually, indicating that after Israel’s exile, uncivilized men dwell in Judah. This condition will persist until the Spirit from above is poured out upon us, which the Saviour promised His followers upon ascending to the Father: “Behold, I send unto you the Comforter, the Spirit of truth” (John 16), and again, “until ye be endued with power from on high” (Luke 24:49). The earlier proclamation, that soon Lebanon will be considered Carmel, and Carmel will become a forest, reiterates that the deaf will hear in that day, the book's words, and the eyes of the blind will see from out of darkness and gloom (Isaiah 29:17). The wilderness of the Gentiles shall transform into the abundance of Israel, and Israel shall be viewed as Gentiles, at which point judgment will be established in the wilderness with the Lord and Saviour, to whom the Father has delegated all judgment (John 5:22).

Truth shall rest upon Carmel, which is referenced as a wilderness, as judgment and truth are found in the desert and upon Carmel, once considered a barren land. The outcome of righteousness is peace, which the apostle describes as surpassing all understanding (Philippians 4:7). The fruit of righteousness shall be silence, allowing them to worship God not with endless words but in sincere faith, finding eternal peace, and sharing in the blessings that the apostle expressed: “I thank my God always on your behalf, for the grace of God which is given you by Jesus Christ, that in every thing ye are enriched by Him, in all utterance and in all knowledge” (1 Corinthians 1:4-5).

When the people of the church dwell in beauty, or as the Septuagint translates, in the city of peace, then surely, the wrath of the Lord shall descend upon the forest, which is spoken of as Carmel. The city of Jerusalem will be humbled, referred to in another scripture simply as the earth. Recognizing the multitude of blessings the church will receive alongside the calamities Jerusalem will endure, blessed are you, apostles, and other teachers, who sow across the living waters of the Holy Scriptures, where the ox and the donkey tread. The ox, a clean animal due to the heritage of the fathers, stands in contrast to the donkey, seen as unclean due to the idolatry once practiced by the Gentiles, thus indicating that the Lord's Church comprises both the circumcised and uncircumcised. The statement regarding thorns and thistles growing in the land of My people can be applied to heretics as well as to unlearned believers who grasp the Holy Scriptures inadequately. Consequently, we have aligned the meanings accordingly, so that the ground of God's people yields thorns for heretics, while for those within the church, the uninformed results in grass.

Ambrose of Milan

4th centuryChurch Father

As a devoted follower of Christ, knowledgeable in the Scriptures and grounded in the good news, embrace the faith that encompasses both Testaments. Blessed is the one who disperses seeds beside all waters, where the ox and donkey walk, as we read today; this symbolizes one who sows among those who adhere to the teachings of both Testaments. The ox, which is utilized for plowing, represents the individual who carries the burden of the law, concerning whom it is written, "Thou shalt not shut the mouth of an ox when it threshes" (Deuteronomy 25:4), with its horns signifying the sacred Scriptures. Upon the donkey, representing the Gentile nations, the Lord rides in the Gospel (John 12:14).

Clement of Alexandria

2nd centuryChurch Father

As the prophet noted, Blessed are those who plant by all waters and send both an ox and a donkey, representing the nations governed by the law and the Gentiles, unified in one faith.

Gregory the Great

6th centuryChurch Father

The waters symbolize the nations, as articulated by John, for indeed they represent the multitude of peoples. Additionally, the waters convey not just the streams of numerous individuals but also the intentions of the righteous who adhere to the guidance of faith. As the prophet declares, Blessed are you who sow by all waters. Furthermore, the psalmist conveys, The voice of the Lord is over the waters (Psalm 28:3).

What else could be considered the seed, if not the message of salvation? As the Gospel reveals, The sower went out to sow (Matt. 13:3); and the prophet proclaims, Blessed are ye that sow by all waters. The Church is the field intended, which the Forerunner indicates when he says, He shall purify His threshing floor (Matt. 3:12).

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.