The Church Fathers on this verse

Nahum 3:2Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

The noise of the whip, and the noise of the rattling of the wheels, and of the neighing horse; and of the running chariot, and of the horsemen coming up,

Douay-Rheims

ק֣וֹל שׁ֔וֹט וְק֖וֹל רַ֣עַשׁ אוֹפָ֑ן וְס֣וּס דֹּהֵ֔ר וּמֶרְכָּבָ֖ה מְרַקֵּדָֽה׃

Hebrew (Masoretic text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

3 Church Fathers comment on this verse

Cyrill of Alexandria

5th centuryChurch Father

Within it, there will be “the voice of the scourge.” The Prophet seems to vividly depict the chaos of battle, as if witnessing it firsthand. He observes the city, metaphorically overrun by the thundering of horses, echoing with the clamor of war chariots, while its destroyers gleam with the splendor of various weapons. He perceives countless bodies strewn about and homes left in ruins; thus, he references the “grievous fall.” His astonishment arises from the vast assembly of nations gathered there, yet they are all fearful, afflicted by profound weakness, and prone to retreat.

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He promptly delineates the cause of this, stating that “they shall be weary in their bodies from the multitude of fornication.” Their lives have become tainted and immoral; they have turned to idolatry and shamelessly embrace deception. Hence, it is only fitting that they are both feeble and fearful, completely incapable of recognizing their own rebellion.

Jerome of Stridon

4th centuryChurch Father

The phrase translated as ‘full of plunder’ in the text corresponds to the Hebrew term rheges malea, interpreted by Aquila as ‘full of perseverance’ and by Simmachus as ‘full of cruelty’ or ‘severity.’ Another translation offers ‘full of dissection,’ indicating the brutal breaking apart of bodies, followed by the observation that ‘the plunder does not cease.’ The Hebrew again translates ‘rheges’ not as ‘perseverance’ but by a term meaning ‘stern,’ suggesting a ruler's capability, as it metaphorically represents a royal city at the helm of all others. The might of Nineveh is laid bare through images of sorrow and its avarice. Woe to you, city of blood, devoid of truth and steeped in falsehood, overflowing with violence.

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The echoes of a merciless sword and the relentless clang of wheels signal the chaos—this sound embodies an uproar; like the rapid movement of a wheel or the frenzied neighing of horses alongside thundering chariots. The Hebrew text artfully depicts a war-ready army, capturing the imagination with vivid imagery.

When it states, ‘of heavy fall, and there shall be no end of corpses,’ it refers to the adversaries they have vanquished. ‘And they shall fall on their bodies’ could imply their downfall due to overwhelming numbers or that they will collapse upon the slain. The multitude, it notes, reflects the harlot's many liaisons, having engaged with numerous nations, bowing to idols that she has brought under her sway. The phrases ‘beautiful and charming and using enchantments’ suggest the workings of sorcery. She captivates nations with her immoral pursuits, wielding influence over all peoples. Such reflections can lead us to consider Nineveh symbolically as the world, awash in wickedness (1 John 5:19), characterized as a city of blood due to rampant violence—both physical and verbal. It is saturated with falsehood, identified with erroneous doctrines and a lack of God’s Word, leading many astray: ‘all are turned aside, together they have become corrupt; there is none who does good, not even one’ (Psalm 13:2-3). While this situation may reflect present conditions, it will more significantly manifest at the end of days when ‘because of the increase of lawlessness, the love of many will grow cold’ (Matt. 24:12).

Despite the many captives ensnared by the formidable Nimrod, the heartless hunter, those caught in his trap will not suffer loss. He is supported by a multitude of followers, equally ensnared, reveling in his catch. The cries of the afflicted fill the air, resonating with their suffering, as righteous ones contend with various torments. Some grapple with demonic attacks, others are seized by anger and lust, while others contend with pride and envy—each a tool of the Assyrian scourge. Even as physical maladies beset many, these too are manifestations of evil. Instances of plagues and afflictions are likened to the scourge of Nineveh, confirming that afflictions arise not merely from physical causes but often stem from spiritual origins. The Lord’s power to heal the afflicted (Luke 4; Luke 13:16) reminds us of these struggles against Nineveh’s corruption.

Furthermore, the overwhelming noise of wheels symbolizes humanity's chaotic journey, swayed between various uncertain paths, where destinies of destruction or salvation remain obscured. Such imagery recalls Ezekiel’s vision of a divine chariot, echoing Psalm 76:19, emphasizing God’s might over the chaos represented by Nineveh. Like a relentless warhorse, Nineveh assails with unyielding fervor, the voice of destruction ever-present, ever-chasing. The towering chariots of Nineveh are drawn by four passions—those which philosophers discuss and portray. The chariot's tumult serves to bewilder all in its path. The rider, battle-ready, arrives armed with a word sharper than any sword, embodying deceptive brilliance, while those aligned with righteousness must instead don the armor of faith (Eph. 6).

Nineveh’s numerous arrows result in many injuries. Against our virtues—wisdom, righteousness, moderation, and valor—lie the vices that afflict us: folly, injustice, unkindness, and fear. Each vice strikes with its unique instruments, and unless remedies are swiftly administered, it leads to ruin. May there be as many who fall easily as those cast into the abyss due to the severity of their failings. The relentless nature of their evil brings forth countless nations weakened by immorality. While some may perceive this in relation to physical degeneration, the text underscores an additional understanding that they will stumble only due to the bodies of the slain, those destroyed through rampant promiscuity. The passage renders it: ‘because of the multitude of the lewd woman’s fornications,’ as the LXX translates the latter part introductory to a new thought, addressing the harlot herself, who is notably adorned and skillful in her enchantments, seducing many.

The depth of Nineveh’s allure lies in its ability to entice nations to forsake their true love for righteousness, leading them astray into moral chaos. She manipulates intentions, making them cherish what is vile and reject the good, thereby seducing them into tarnishing their own character as well as that of others, reflecting Paul’s warning that ‘bad company corrupts good morals’ (1 Cor. 15:33). Though some texts commend the wise use of spells, the true power for change must come from delivering those entranced by the deceptive charm of Nineveh back to clarity of purpose and soundness of mind.

Theodoret of Cyrus

5th centuryChurch Father

and portrays the disasters that came upon her, comparing the sound of chariots to an earthquake, the thunder of horses, the turmoil of horsemen, and instilling fear through the listing of weapons, stating that shields and swords gleamed like lightning.

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.