The Church Fathers on this verse

Numbers 35:16Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

If any man strike with iron, and he die that was struck: he shall be guilty of murder, and he himself shall die.

Douay-Rheims

וְאִם־בִּכְלִ֨י בַרְזֶ֧ל ׀ הִכָּ֛הוּ וַיָּמֹ֖ת רֹצֵ֣חַֽ ה֑וּא מ֥וֹת יוּמַ֖ת הָרֹצֵֽחַ׃

Hebrew (Masoretic text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

2 Church Fathers comment on this verse

Basil the Great

4th centuryChurch Father

A person who uses an axe in wrath against his spouse is akin to a murderer. However, one who employs a sword or similar weapon has no justification, particularly one who casts an axe at another. The act of throwing it signifies that the impact, influenced by the weight of the iron, its sharpness, and the long distance it was propelled, was inevitably deadly. In a comparable manner, the actions of thieves and during enemy assaults are entirely voluntary and beyond question. Thieves kill for wealth, seeking to evade accountability for their malevolence, while those engaged in warfare aim to vanquish their adversaries, with the distinct purpose of not merely intimidating or instructing but rather of annihilating them.

Philaret of Moscow (Drosdow)

19th centuryChurch Father

One might wonder: How can a murderer receive the death penalty? How can wars be justified? I respond: There exists a distinct right for an individual, a different one for a court, and another for the highest authority. Since the supreme authority holds no higher judge on earth, it is incumbent upon it to adjudicate the crimes against the State and to employ war as an instrument of State justice. However, the supreme authority, motivated by noble intentions befitting its position, does not engage in retaliatory evil but instead aims to safeguard and uphold what is good, specifically the welfare of its own State.

Read more (312 words)

When the judicial system combats the evil of punishment in response to criminal acts, it is essential to recognize that this differs vastly from personal retribution; it is distinct like reason is from emotion, and constructiveness is from destruction. The judiciary rises against wrongdoing, not for its own sake, but on behalf of the innocent sufferer. Thus, it is guided not by vindictiveness but rather by the virtues of compassion, humanity, and justice. Furthermore, in a well-structured society, the court identifies the guilty, while the law carries out the punishment; however, civil law, when inspired by the spirit of Christian justice, seeks not to avenge wrongdoing but to curb and prevent it. Its goal is not to execute the murderer but rather to remove the capacity to kill, thereby shielding the innocent from harm. In this spirit, the benevolent law of our devout leaders does not impose death on a murderer, but rather grants him life, albeit a life separated from that of honorable citizens; it offers a possibility of hope, allowing him to meet death as a Christian rather than as a criminal. Regarding individuals, if every person were to claim the rights that the judiciary uses against crime, or that the supreme power invokes against threats to the State, there would be nearly as many adversarial factions as there are individuals capable of wielding power. This concept has found a curious place in the minds of some thinkers, but thankfully, through Divine Providence, it has not become reality and will not be, for it cannot align with the true nature of humanity. Therefore, if it is neither permissible nor dependable, even with the assistance of human justice, which despite its diligence cannot shield against the insidiousness of malice and deceit, the Christian principle of overcoming evil with good remains essential, both appealing in its purity and profound in its nobility.

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.