The Church Fathers on this verse

Psalm 104 (103):23Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

Man shall go forth to his work, and to his labour until the evening.

Douay-Rheims · Hebrew numbering, Septuagint numbering in brackets.

יֵצֵ֣א אָדָ֣ם לְפָעֳל֑וֹ וְֽלַעֲבֹ֖דָת֣וֹ עֲדֵי־עָֽרֶב׃

Hebrew (Masoretic text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

10 Church Fathers comment on this verse · 11 commentaries

John Chrysostom

4th centuryChurch Father

I understand that I've engaged you with profound thoughts in previous days; thus, today I wish to present a more accessible lesson. Just as the body, weary from fasting, requires rest to regain the enthusiasm for fasting anew, so too does the soul need a period of rest and peace. It is not necessary to constantly overexert it or to completely let it be; at times we should engage it, and at other times allow it to rest, thereby balancing the needs of both the spirit and the flesh. Continuous toil leads to fatigue, while constant idleness breeds negligence. This is a truth recognized by all, applicable to both the soul and the body. Consequently, moderation in all things is commendable. This principle is illustrated by God's teachings through His creation.

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For instance, consider day and night: God has appointed daylight for labor and darkness for rest and recuperation. He has set limits on both so that we may find greater benefit in their cycles. As David observes, “A man goes out to his work and to his labour until evening.” This highlights that with the arrival of evening, light departs, night embraces humanity in its restful embrace, soothing the weary body, quieting the senses, and offering a restorative respite from labor and fatigue. Once the night has passed, daylight returns, awakening us anew, allowing us to perceive the sun’s rays with fresh vigor and to approach our daily tasks with renewed energy.

Similar patterns emerge in the changing seasons: winter gives way to spring, followed by summer and autumn, allowing our bodies to rejuvenate and adjusting the extremes of cold and heat. God guides us through the seasons, adapting our experiences from winter to autumn and from summer to spring. Those who examine creation with discernment will observe a divine order and harmony, finding that nothing exists without purpose or design. A similar order is seen in the growth of plants; the earth does not yield all produce at once, and the timing for cultivating is vital. A farmer, endowed with wisdom from God, knows the right time to sow, to plant trees and vines, to reap, to harvest grapes, and to gather olives. Ultimately, those who reflect on these matters will discover that farmers possess great wisdom as well.

Augustine of Hippo

5th centuryChurch Father

Entering into Christ involves a deep contemplation within, while departing through Him signifies carrying out actions externally. As the Apostle conveys, it is through faith that Christ resides in our hearts (cf. Eph. 3:17). Thus, to enter into Christ is to align our thoughts with our faith, and to exit through Christ is to express that faith through our deeds in the sight of others. As stated in the Psalm, "A man goes out to do his work" (Psalm 103:23), and the Lord Himself instructs us to "Let your works shine before men" (cf. Matthew 5:16).

Bless the Lord, my soul. May all of our souls, united in Christ, proclaim this truth. O Lord my God, You are greatly exalted! Where do You manifest Your glory? You have adorned Yourself with splendor and majesty. Acknowledge Him so that you may be beautified, and He may further clothe you. You are dressed in light like a garment. Clothed within His church, which has transformed from darkness into light in Him, as the Apostle states: "Ye were once darkness, but now are light in the Lord." You stretch the heavens as if they were a canopy, effortlessly wrapping them around us like a garment. The authority of the Holy Scriptures encompasses the world, as they reveal our mortality yet are conveyed through mortal men, whose influence endures beyond their mortal existence.

He covers the heights with water. What are these heights? They represent the divine. What is Heaven? Conceptually, we refer to it as the Divine Scriptures. What are the heights within these Scriptures? The commandment of love, which is the highest of all. For we ask why love is akin to water. The love of God has been poured into our hearts through the Holy Spirit that He bestowed upon us. Where does this Spirit originate? It is like water, for Jesus declared: "Whoever believes in Me, out of his belly shall flow rivers of living water." How do we understand that this statement pertained to the Spirit? The evangelist clarifies: "This He spoke of the Spirit, which those who believed in Him should receive." He rides upon the wings of the winds—above the virtues of the soul. What is the virtue of the soul? Love of self. Yet how does He conquer this? Because the love of God for us surpasses our love for Him.

Who transforms spirits into His angels, and makes flames of fire His ministers: those who are already spiritual beings, He sends forth as angels to preach His gospel. The flames serve Him, for a preacher who does not burn with zeal will not be able to ignite passion in others. He established the earth upon its foundations. He rooted the Church upon the strength of Christ. What, then, is the strength of the Church but the foundation that the Apostle articulated: "No man can lay any other foundation than that which is laid, which is Jesus Christ." Thus, what will it hear upon such a foundation? It will not be shaken forever. He grounded the earth upon its firmness; that is, He anchored the Church upon Christ. The Church would tremble if its foundation were disturbed, but when can Christ—through whom everything was created, and without whom nothing came into being—be shaken? Since Christ is unshakeable, she will never be moved. Where are those who claim the Church has vanished from the earth, when she remains unscathed?

The abyss is like her veil. Whose? Could it be God's? Yet, He has said, "Clothed with light as a garment." I hear of God adorned in light, and if we embrace this light, it becomes our own. What occurs if we desire it? We cease to be darkness. If God is clothed in light, whose veil is the abyss? The vastness of waters is termed the abyss. All waters, moist elements, and flowing substances are collectively identified as the Abyss. Thus, we discern the earth of which He declared: "He founded the earth." I believe He meant: "The abyss is like a garment to it," for water wraps around the earth and enfolds it.

The waters will rise over the mountains, signifying that the earth's garment—now the abyss—has increased to the extent that it covers even the mountains. We recall this during the flood. The prophet, wishing to foretell and not merely to recount past events, stated this to convey that the Church may find itself amidst the flood of persecution. There was a period when torrents of persecutors enveloped God's earth and His Church, obscuring the tallest figures, who could not be seen. When they were scattered everywhere, why were they hidden? Perhaps it is from these very waters that one laments: "Save me, O God, for the waters have come up to my soul." Especially the waters that roughen and desolate the sea. For land submerged by saltwater would yield barrenness rather than fertility. There were also mountains submerged, as the waters rose above them.

Why did the apostles flee? Because the waters overtook the mountains. The power of the waters was great, but how long would it persist? Listen to what follows.

By Your rebuke, they shall disperse. And indeed, beloved, by the command of God, the waters withdrew; specifically, they receded from the mountains. Now the mountains—Peter and Paul—how they have ascended! Those who once faced persecution are now esteemed as rulers. The waters fled at God's reproof, for the heart of kings is governed by God, who directs as He pleases. He has commanded peace for Christians; the authority of the Apostles has flourished. The waters dispersed at God's command. At Your thunderous voice, they tremble. Who would not tremble before God's voice, expressed through the apostles, through the Scriptures, through His heavens? The sea was calmed, the waters feared, the mountains were revealed, the emperor issued commands. But who withheld the order without divine intent? Because it was God's will, they declared, and it was fulfilled. Therefore, let no one claim merit.

The mountains ascend, and the valleys descend to the place You have appointed for them. He continues to speak of the waters. Let us not interpret mountains here in a physical sense; let us recognize that they refer to waves, symbolically akin to mountains. The sea once surged, and its waves reached heights that could have swallowed the mountains of the Apostles. But for how long do the mountains rise and the valleys fall? They roared, yet are now calmed. When they were turbulent, they were mountains; now pacified, they are plains, for He has established a place for them. There exists a channel—a profound depth into which the once tumultuous hearts of mortals have retreated. Formerly mountains, they are now plains. However, dear friends, even in stillness, it remains the sea. Why are they no longer violent? Why do they not contend, if they cannot subdue our land, at least to cover it? Why do they refrain?

Listen. You have set a boundary which they shall not surpass or retreat from to cover the earth. What, then, since the most tumultuous waves have received a limit, allows us such freedom of preaching? They have their boundaries, for they cannot exceed the appointed measure, nor will they return to cover the earth. What is transpiring on the earth now that the sea has laid it bare? Though the gentle waves sigh along its shore, and the nations murmur nearby, I hear the sounds of the shores, yet I do not fear the flood. What, then, is occurring on the earth? "You send springs into the valleys." You send, he affirms, springs to the low places among the lands. Hilly terrains and mountains contrast with valleys. Do not scorn the lowly, for from there springs flow. You send springs to the small valleys. Consider the mountains. The Apostle proclaims, "I labored more abundantly than them all." Some greatness may seem apparent, but swiftly, to allow the waters to flow, he made for himself a valley: "Yet not I, but the grace of God that was with me." There is no conflict in the notion that mountains can also be valleys. They are called mountains due to their spiritual prominence, yet valleys for their humble spirit. "Not I," he proclaims, "but the grace of God with me."

What does it signify, "In the midst of the mountains the waters shall flow"? We have discerned who the mountains are—great Preachers of the Word, exalted Angels of God, though still in mortal flesh; elevated, not by their own strength, but through His grace. As for themselves, in humility, they are valleys, pouring forth springs. "In the midst," he states, suggests that the proclamation of the Word of Truth flows through the Apostles. What is situated amidst the apostles? That which is central and communal. The common good, through which all live equally, lies in the middle, owned by none individually. If it were not centered, it would be merely private, and I would have mine while you have yours, which is no mode of sharing the message of peace.

Hence, brothers and sisters, let our preceding remarks serve you, for the springs ought to flow from you, being valleys, uniting with all that is of God. Let the waters cascade in the midst, harbor no envy, drink deeply, be filled, and let the living water of God be glorified universally, not the private fables of mankind.

Consequently, all the beasts of the forest will quench their thirst. We observe this in creation, where the forest creatures drink from the springs that flow between the mountains. However, God has concealed His wisdom within these illustrative concepts, not to deprive those who diligently seek it, but to reserve it for those who are indifferent and unveil it to those who knock. The Lord God desires to encourage you through us, indicating that within all these elements, speaking of the physical and visible creation, we ought to seek a deeper spiritual reality, which when discovered, leads to our rejoicing. By beasts of the forest, we understand the Gentiles, which Scripture corroborates in numerous instances.

These creatures partake of the waters, albeit momentarily; they do not endure, but merely pass through, for the teachings spread throughout this time are transient. Consider your thoughts in that city to which it is declared, "Praise the Lord, Jerusalem; praise your God, O Zion; for He has fortified the bars of your gates." When the gates are secured and the city sealed, from that stronghold where no friend shall exit nor enemy shall enter, we shall not merely seek a text to read, or a discourse to evaluate as presented to you now. This matter is conveyed as a way for it to be retained. It is structured into syllables so it can be contemplated in its entirety. There will be no shortage of the Word of God there, nor deficiency in letters, sounds, books, readers, or interpreters. As it is written, "In the beginning was the Word." He did not come to depart from that state; for He was in the world, and the world came into existence through Him. Such is the Word in which we should fixate. For the God of gods will manifest in Zion. But when? After our pilgrimage, when the journey is completed—unless perhaps at the end of our journey, we stand before the Judge, who may send us away. Yet if, upon journey’s end, we reach our homeland, we will behold that which we shall eternally exalt; and he who possesses, and we who partake, will find no satisfaction that quenches our hunger—neither will the one who dines exhaust his appetite, nor will he who consumes ever feel sated by his meal. Marvelous will be this contemplation.

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Athanasius the Great

4th centuryChurch Father

Humankind will venture forth to fulfill their labor. During the day, the creatures obstruct people from tending to the land, but now they seek their sustenance under the cover of night, as it is not for them that the earth produces vegetation or crops.

Jerome of Stridon

4th centuryChurch Father

Once the dawn of the righteous one has arrived, we will return to our labor until the evening, which signifies the time of fulfillment. Therefore, it is appropriate for us to consistently pursue righteousness.

Theodoret of Cyrus

5th centuryChurch Father

As the sun ascends, the creatures seek refuge in their dwellings, while individuals, having set aside the weariness from the prior day, once more engage in their daily endeavors with earnestness.

Euthymios Zigabenos

11th centuryCommentator

As dawn breaks, the silent and wild creatures retreat to their dens; meanwhile, the articulate man awakens from slumber and steps out of his dwelling to engage in the tasks of his nature, laboring until the day’s end, after which he returns home to rest from his endeavors. He understands that God has designated the day for humans and gentle creatures, while night belongs to the wild animals. Thus, the meek interact with the fierce, and the former are not consumed by the latter, as noted by Chrysostom. Zlatoslovesny adds, when the rulers—the people—are asleep, the animals rise, and as those rise, the other departs. Can you perceive the beauty of creation? The sovereign emerges; nothing harmful remains, for the sun dispels all threats.

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They flee as wanderers, retreating to their hidden abodes at the advent of the ruler when the sun rises. A man, having concluded his labor from the previous day and surrendered to sleep, rejuvenated in spirit, promptly and willingly returns to his work. St. Gregory the Theologian observes that night binds man to slumber while granting freedom to the beasts, each seeking sustenance provided by the Creator. With the arrival of day, the beasts gather, and man swiftly attends to his tasks—thus, we honor the order set by the law of nature. Isychius, regarding his interpretation as supremely significant, notes that following the resurrection of Christ, creatures and demons concealed themselves, as Simmachus translates it, secretly retreating to their shadowy retreats, while the Apostles, who had previously hidden in fear of the Jews, emerged boldly, emboldened by the resurrection of Christ. Likewise, all believers, until the twilight of life, actively pursue their work—that is, the virtues bestowed upon us by the Lord. In the highest sense, these words were embraced by Divine Gregory of Thessalonica, who remarked in his letter to Xenia, that after the day’s dawn and the rising of the morning star within our hearts, as the supreme Apostle proclaims, the true man, per the prophet’s words, ventures forth to his rightful work, ascending the path of light toward the eternal mountains—the mountains of labor in this ethereal light, detached from worldly constraints. Oh marvel! He becomes a witness before the separation, or after the disunion from the essence that was his at the beginning, like one who knows the Way.

Hesychius of Jerusalem

5th centuryChurch Father

Indeed, the resurrection of Christ has liberated humanity and inspired them to diligently pursue their endeavors, specifically in virtue, throughout their lives, reflecting God's intention for our efforts.

Tichon of Zadonsk

18th centuryChurch Father

Life brings questions about direction and choices, emphasizing the importance of discernment between the beneficial and the detrimental. Just like a man who toils from dawn until dusk (Psalm 103:23), the soul, illuminated by Christ, the righteous Sun, gains clarity in its perception. Such a soul recognizes the emptiness of worldly pursuits, distinguishes between good and evil, and understands vice and virtue, benefit and harm, as well as the paths toward destruction and eternal life. It engages in actions that please God and serve its own spiritual well-being. To such a soul, the Word of God is as delightful as God Himself.

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This soul sees the transient nature of worldly delights as insignificant, reflecting on the words of the Saviour: “What good is it to a man if he gains the whole world, but harms his soul?” (Matthew 16:26). Its singular focus is to honor God, its Creator, and to belong among the redeemed. Blessed is the soul that experiences illumination from the Divine Light!

In contrast, when the sun sets, darkness envelops the world. In this state, people become blind to their surroundings, failing to differentiate between various aspects of life, stumbling into pitfalls without realizing it. This reflects the plight of souls in whom Christ's light has yet to shine. They lack the ability to discern good from evil and continue to fall into deeper sin, clinging to the insignificant while neglecting the profound. Although they believe they walk a righteous path, they are unaware it leads to destruction. Those who become entangled with worldly emptiness prioritize wealth, prestige, and fleeting glory, forsaking the eternal treasure of salvation, viewing it as insignificant. This should invoke astonishment or grief as they observe that those who leave this world depart empty-handed, just as they arrived. Yet, they strive tirelessly to accumulate riches as if they will dwell here forever. It is alarming that not only the unbelievers, who have no hope, chase such vanity, but also Christians, who are called to eternal life and the blessings emphasized in the Gospel.

Oh, how aimless is the soul that fails to recognize the illusions of this world, pursuing fleeting gains that vanish like smoke while neglecting what endures eternally! Virtue alone remains with us amidst life's transient offerings, yet our eternal inheritance can never be taken away. To escape such spiritual blindness and darkness, one must approach Christ, the true Light, asking for mercy as the blind did: “Have mercy on us, O Lord, Son of David!” (Matthew 20:30). We must continually look to His holy example and follow in His footsteps. Then the true Light, Christ, will enlighten that person. When we fix our gaze upon the light before us, we find illumination. Likewise, when the soul draws near to Christ and contemplates His holy life, it is filled with His light. The closer we approach the Light, the greater our illumination becomes. The Light is Christ. Whoever seeks proximity to this Light enhances their understanding and shall no longer wander in darkness. “I am the Light of the world; whoever follows me will not walk in darkness, but will have the light of life” (John 8:12). Thus, those who walk with Christ will not remain in darkness; conversely, those who turn away from Him will inevitably find themselves in shadow.

Irenaeus (Klementjewsky)

18th centuryCommentator

Through these words, it is evident that God has wisely appointed times for His purposes, granting humanity dominion over the day. If God had not restrained the fierce creatures that threaten us, humanity would quickly face destruction. Following mankind's fall, these beasts could emerge as instruments of our ruin, attacking and consuming any person they encounter. Therefore, it was essential for God's Providence to tame the wildness of animals and confine them to their lairs, instilling fear in them through the brightness of daylight. The Prophet celebrates this grace of God; without it, humans would lack the freedom to engage in their labor and essential tasks. However, because humanity is safeguarded by the light of the sun from the aggression and brutality of wild beasts, the unmerited goodness of God, which profoundly benefits mankind, is clearly made manifest.

Psalter with Commentaries (Cave Monastery in Kiew)

19th centuryCommentator

A Psalm, inspired by the Holy Spirit and written by David, extols the glory and majesty of God, the Creator of all things, reflecting on the wondrous and unfathomable creation of the universe, the heavens, and all that fills them: the earth and its inhabitants, the sea and its dwellers; their construction, holiness, prosperity, and beauty, all of which are wisely sustained by our Lord Jesus Christ, the likeness of the invisible God, the firstborn of all creation, through whom all things were made, both visible and invisible, and in Him all things hold together (Rev. 10:6; Col. 1:16). The soul, divinely inspired, ought to give thanks to Him. God’s magnificence is eternal, having no beginning or end. The Holy Church resembles the apparel of Christ, with Christ being exalted within it.

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The robe of the God of Light represents the unapproachable radiance. God, by nature, is unseen and incomprehensible, residing in unapproachable light (1 Tim. 6:16), clothed in light, which serves to conceal the majesty of His Deity; the Evangelist John frequently refers to Him simply as Light. Heaven is portrayed in the Holy Scriptures, which share the divine mysteries inscribed on papyrus and animal skins. The profound mysteries of Divine Scripture are veiled by God with waters, and it is left for these to be revealed to those to whom the Son desires to disclose them. Oblak exalted Christ and ascended to heaven. The wind signifies the swiftness of the Divine: He is omnipresent and fulfills all things. Dusi is the natural term for angels, who are immaterial beings. An angel is described as a messenger sent by God. Like flames, angels burn with fervent love for God and promptly fulfill His will as a consuming fire. The prophet identifies angels and spirits interchangeably; they are, by nature, sentient and immaterial flames. The solidity of the earth functions as its stronghold, unpossessed by anything except by the power of God; humanity, akin to the earth, remains steadfast through holy baptism and the grace of the Holy Spirit. The abyss symbolizes the vast expanse of waters, which before and during the flood enveloped the earth like a veil. Mountains represent the teachings of the prophet, the apostle, and the holy fathers of tradition, where the strength of the sacred waters is manifested through baptism. By the power of holy baptism, demons flee, trembling at the voice of the Gospel’s preaching with all the evildoers in fear.

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.