The Church Fathers on this verse

Psalm 121 (120):1Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

I have lifted up my eyes to the mountains, from whence help shall come to me.

Douay-Rheims · Hebrew numbering, Septuagint numbering in brackets.

שִׁ֗יר לַֽמַּ֫עֲל֥וֹת אֶשָּׂ֣א עֵ֭ינַי אֶל־הֶהָרִ֑ים מֵ֝אַ֗יִן יָבֹ֥א עֶזְרִֽי׃

Hebrew (Masoretic text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

8 Church Fathers comment on this verse · 9 commentaries

John Chrysostom

4th centuryChurch Father

Consider the soul, which, when faced with trials, experiences turmoil, confusion, and seeks solace through turning towards God. This illustrates the positive impact and purpose of temptations; they uplift, invigorate, and compel the soul to seek the highest assistance, distancing it from earthly attachments. If the Israelites, who were often coarse and focused solely on earthly matters, gained wisdom from their trials in captivity and turned their hearts towards heaven, how much more should we, in times of distress, direct our attention to God? Greater growth is expected of us than of them.

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In the midst of adversaries, lacking a city, walls, towers, weapons, human support, or earthly wealth—existing instead in bondage to their captors and among their foes—these individuals, overwhelmed by severe difficulties, turned to the mighty hand of God. Deprived of human resources, their very vulnerability became a source of wisdom, leading them to proclaim, "I have lifted up my eyes to the mountains, whence cometh my help." All that is human was destroyed, vanished, and ceased to exist; only salvation, found in God, remained.

Augustine of Hippo

5th centuryChurch Father

Behold, dear brethren, isn’t John akin to the mountains we referenced earlier: I lift up mine eyes unto the mountains, whence cometh my help (Psalm 120:1)? Now, beloved, if you desire to ascertain this truth, direct your gaze towards that mountain; in other words, focus your attention on the evangelist and his insights. However, considering that these mountains encompass the world, and recognizing that one cannot place their trust in humanity, do not elevate your sight too heavily towards the mountain, assuming that your hope should rest in man.

Let them direct their gaze towards the mountains, from where their assistance arises. Psalm 120:1 What is the significance of ‘The hills have been illuminated’? The dawn of righteousness has already come; the gospel has been shared by the apostles, the Scriptures have been proclaimed, all sacred truths have been revealed, the veil has been torn apart, and the innermost sanctum of the temple has been opened. Therefore, let them at last lift their eyes to the hills, from which their aid comes. From His abundance we have all been provided, as it states in John 1:16. Thus, your help indeed comes from Him, from whom the hills have received, and not from the hills themselves; yet unless you look up through the Scriptures, you cannot be enlightened by Him.

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Hence, sing the following: if you wish to know how to place your feet firmly upon the steps, so you don’t grow weary in your ascent and stumble: pray with these words, ‘Let not my foot be shaken!’ Psalm 120:3 What causes the feet to move? Why was the foot of Him who was in Paradise unsteady? But first, reflect on how the feet of him among the angels were shaken; he who, when unsteady, fell and transformed from an angel into a devil: for when his feet wavered, he fell. Investigate the reason for his downfall: it was pride. Therefore, nothing causes the feet to falter except pride; nothing leads the feet to fall but pride. Love prompts them to walk, to grow, and to ascend; pride leads to a downfall. Thus, correctly, the psalmist, inquiring how to rise without falling, implores God to benefit from affliction’s misery and avoid succumbing to excessive pride, saying, ‘Let not my feet be moved!’ And God responds, ‘Let him who holds you back not slumber. Be attentive, my beloved.’ It is as if one thought is echoed in two sentences: the rising man sings the song of ascents, saying, ‘Let not my foot be shaken.’ And it seems that God replies, ‘You say to Me, “Let not my foot be shaken”; remain vigilant, and your foot shall not falter.’

Choose Him who neither sleeps nor slumbers, and your foot will stand firm. God is never idle: if you desire a guardian who watches over you without rest, select God as your guardian. You plead for your feet not to tremble, and rightly so; yet He, in turn, instructs you not to let this bring you slumber. Perhaps you were about to seek human guardianship and asked, ‘Who can I find that does not slumber? Which person is perpetually awake? To whom do I turn? Where shall I return?’ The psalmist conveys to you, ‘He that keeps Israel neither slumbers nor sleeps’ Psalm 120:4. Do you wish to have a protector who neither slumbers nor sleeps? Behold, the One who preserves Israel, who does not slumber nor sleep, for Christ preserves Israel. Therefore, be part of Israel. What does Israel signify? It is interpreted as ‘Seeing God’. And how does one see God? Initially by faith, followed by vision. If you cannot yet perceive Him with your eyes, perceive Him through faith. Who exists that neither slumbers nor sleeps? When you search among humanity, you are misled; you will never find such a one. Therefore, do not place your hope in man: every person sleeps and slumbers. When does he rest? When dressed in the frail flesh. When does he sleep? When he departs this life. Do not place your faith in humans.

And who, you might wonder, will assist me except the One who neither slumbers nor sleeps? Pay attention to this: The Lord Himself is your keeper Psalm 120:5. Thus, it is not man who becomes sleepy, but the Lord watches over you. How does He watch over you? The Lord is your defense at your right hand. Here, a deeper understanding emerges; otherwise, it would have sufficed to simply state, ‘the Lord will keep you’ without adding specifics about the right hand. For how long? Does God protect only our right hand and not our left? Did He not create us all? Didn’t the One who crafted our right hand also fashion our left hand? Ultimately, if He chose to mention only the right hand, why did He articulate it as ‘at your right hand’ and not just state ‘of your left hand’? Why say this unless it is veiled truth waiting for us to uncover it? For He could have merely said, ‘The Lord will keep you,’ and added nothing more; or, if He had mentioned the right hand, He could state, ‘The Lord shall keep you at your right hand’; or at the very least, if citing His hand, He might have said, ‘The Lord will keep you on His hand, that is, on your right hand, and not solely on the hand of your right hand.’

Consider how you interpret the words from the Gospel, ‘let your left hand not know what your right hand is doing’? Matthew 6:3 If you grasp this, then you will comprehend the distinction between your right and left hands, realizing that God created both; but the left hand must not recognize the actions of the right hand. The left hand symbolizes all that is temporal; the right hand signifies the enduring and eternal promises of the Lord. If He who provides eternal life also enriches our present existence with temporal blessings, then He has fashioned both our right and left hands.

Now, let us turn to the verse of the Psalm, ‘The Lord is your defense at your right hand’ Psalm 120:5. When ‘hand’ is mentioned, it signifies power. How can we demonstrate this? Because the might of God is referred to as His hand. Of this, John states, ‘He gave them power to become sons of God’ John 1:12. From where have you obtained this power? It is given to those who believe in His Name. If you believe, then this very power to be counted among the sons of God has been granted to you. To belong to the sons of God is to be at His right hand. Therefore, your faith serves as the power of your right hand; that is to say, the authority bestowed upon you to be counted among the sons of God is the power of your right hand.

May the Lord safeguard you by the might of your right hand Psalm 120:6. I have conveyed this, and I think you recognize it. Had you not gleaned this and other truths from the Scriptures, you would not have articulated your understanding with your voices. Thus, dear siblings, you understand what follows; the Lord protects you through the strength of your faith, in which we have been given the ability to become sons of God, seated at His right hand. Why does God safeguard us? Due to offenses. From where do offenses arise? They are to be feared on both sides, for there are two commandments underpinning the entire Law and the Prophets: the love of God and love for neighbor. Matthew 22:37-40 The Church is cherished for the sake of the neighbor, and God for His own sake. God is metaphorically seen as the sun, while the Church is likened to the moon. Anyone who misinterprets God and fails to believe in the essential unity of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit falls prey to the deceptions of various heresies, particularly those of Arius. Should one believe in the Son or the Holy Spirit less than in the Father, they offend God and are scorched by the sun. Who would think that the Church exists exclusively in a particular location, rather than scattered throughout the world, and who could believe those who claim, ‘Here is Christ, or there’? Matthew 24:23 This was just heard when the Gospel was read; for He who paid such a great price has redeemed the entire world. Thus, one takes offense at their neighbor and is burned by the moon. Therefore, anyone who is mistaken in the essence of truth burns under the sun and suffers all day long because they err in Wisdom.

Consequently, God created one sun, which rises upon both the virtuous and the wicked; this sun is visible to all. Yet, there exists another sun—uncreated, unbegotten—through which all things were made; there is the mind of the Immutable Truth, in which the wicked declare, ‘The Sun has not risen over us.’ One who is not misled in the Wisdom itself is not tormented by the sun. Whoever does not err regarding the Church, nor in the Body of the Lord, nor in the created world meant for us in time, is unscathed by the moon. Yet, every person, even if they believe in Christ, is mistaken in some way unless what is prayed for here becomes actualized in them: ‘The Lord is your defense at your right hand.’ The Psalmist continues, ‘Lest the sun scorches you by day and the moon by night’ Psalm 120:6. Therefore, your shield is at your right hand, to protect you from the sun by day and the moon by night. Understand this, dear brethren, in a figurative manner. Indeed, while the visible sun burns by day, does the moon burn by night? Yet what causes the burn? Sin. Pay attention to the Apostle’s words: ‘Who is weak, and I am not weak? Who is offended, and I burn not?’ 2 Corinthians 11:29.

For the Lord will guard you against all harm Psalm 120:7. He will protect you from the offense of the sun, from the offense of the moon, from all evil; He who is your shield at the arm of your right hand will neither sleep nor slumber. Why? Because we are surrounded by trials: the Lord will protect you from all evil. The Lord will preserve your soul, your very soul. The Lord will keep your going and your coming from now and forevermore Psalm 120:8. Not merely your body; martyrs have endured burns yet held on to their souls. The persecutors hardened their hearts against Crispina, whose feast we commemorate today; they tormented the wealthy and noble woman, yet she remained steadfast, for the Lord was her protector at her right hand. He was her Guardian. Does anyone in Africa, my brethren, not know her? She was illustrious, noble in birth, rich, yet all these attributes lay in her left hand, beneath her head. Her adversary approached to strike her on the head, and she raised her left hand, which was beneath her head, to counter him. Her head was uplifted, while her right hand was enfolded by the Lord from above.

Athanasius the Great

4th centuryChurch Father

The second song is sung by a group of people who, although freed from captivity, are still in the process of returning to their homeland. During their arduous journey from Babylon to Jerusalem, they find themselves surrounded by mountains and call out for assistance. In response to this plea, the prophetic Spirit assures them, "The Lord will keep thy going in and thy going out" (v. 8). I have lifted up my eyes to the mountains...

Theodoret of Cyrus

5th centuryChurch Father

A song of ascents. This psalm resonates with the Jewish people who remain in Babylon. I have directed my gaze toward the mountains, and my assistance will come from beyond. Exhausted from numerous trials and various afflictions, I looked around in search of aid.

Euthymios Zigabenos

11th centuryCommentator

I have raised my gaze to the heights, and my assistance will come from beyond. This song serves as a prophetic expression of the sentiments voiced by the Jews as they began their journey from Babylon to Jerusalem. The heights here symbolize the heavens due to their elevation; they anticipated divine aid from above, trusting that the Lord would guide them safely back to their beloved city. Chrysostom elaborates further on this notion: if the Jews, who were often earthly and lacking in refinement, demonstrated such zeal in their return from trial and affliction, how much more can suffering transform us.

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These words resonate with anyone who has recently embarked on a journey from the Babylon of sinful passions and demonic influences toward the spiritual Jerusalem of purity—each believer, for whom the heights represent the divine commandments. Consequently, such a person can only look upward to the heights—the lofty commands of God—and strive to fulfill them, knowing that all help against dark forces and temptations comes from this pursuit, along with intercession in their frailty. Theodore of Studium also referred to God's laws and commandments as heights; he expressed: O God, who has raised me to the heights of Your laws, illuminate me with the light of virtues, that I may offer praises to You!

Irenaeus (Klementjewsky)

18th centuryCommentator

Song of Ascents. The second Psalm of Steps offers solace to those journeying to Jerusalem by assuring them of divine assistance. The Prophet initially speaks as a pilgrim, then as himself, and ultimately brings comfort by affirming God's safeguarding presence. I have lifted my gaze to the hills; from where will my help come? Travelers often direct their sights toward their destination, yearning for its sight, and even in its absence, they draw strength from the hope of its arrival, which sustains them on their voyage. Just as the earthly Jerusalem is situated amidst mountains, and the heavenly Jerusalem transcends all heights, so the pilgrim expresses his faith: I lift my eyes to the mountains; my help will not come from anywhere else.

Ireneus (Orda)

19th centuryCommentator

This psalm may have been composed by a devout exile in Babylon. Some interpretations suggest that it was sung by the captives returning to their homeland as they drew near to Palestine and beheld its mountains. Others propose that it addresses the Samaritans, with the mention of mountains referring specifically to Mount Zion, representing the Lord’s dwelling place and the source of His assistance. It appears that the mountains referenced are those outside of Palestine, albeit oriented towards Jerusalem. When praying, the exiles would likely direct their gaze toward these mountains as a means to locate their beloved city (Daniel 6:10). Therefore, looking up to the mountains equates to looking toward Jerusalem, symbolizing a poignant remembrance of their lost homeland.

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This sorrow prompts the writer to pose a heart-wrenching question: “Whence shall my help come?” reflecting a longing for deliverance while yearning for his city of origin. The Christian reader similarly contemplates the heavenly Jerusalem, their eternal homeland (Deuteronomy 32:15, Psalm 124:1).

Psalter with Commentaries (Cave Monastery in Kiew)

19th centuryCommentator

Mountains symbolize the pinnacle of prophecy concerning the mystery of the incarnation of Christ. A believer who contemplates this prophecy, gazing up toward the mountain, perceives Christ, the Redeemer of humanity, descending from the celestial heights. Many have internalized the Gospel of Christ and the Psalms and strive to fulfill God's will through virtue and repentance. Christ the Redeemer, the Creator of the heavens and the earth, is the Supporter of the faithful against both spiritual and physical adversaries. This support is obtained through persistent prayer: "Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on me, a sinner." The foot represents the yearning of the human spirit, which the Compassionate God guides toward righteousness, preventing it from straying into sin.

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Exercise wisdom in your thoughts: if Christ, although all-powerful, fled to Egypt to escape from Herod, let the audacious learn to avoid temptation, as it is said: do not let your feet stumble, and the guardian angel will not be provoked. All actions should aim for the glory of God and the salvation of the soul, so that the name of God may be revered and His will fulfilled. God's unwavering vigilance signifies His continuous concern for the salvation of the faithful and the protection of their lives. The right hand symbolizes the realm of the righteous, to which the faithful, shielded by God from the malice of the spirits in the heavens, journey united. The sun and day symbolize times of prosperity, where we recall the rich man of the Gospel who suffers in Gehenna. The moon and night represent times of hardship and sorrow, reminding us of Lazarus the beggar, whose trials transformed into lasting comfort. The Entry signifies the Incarnation of Christ through the Most Pure Virgin, while the Exodus refers to His nativity, which remains preserved, incomprehensible, and inexpressible for all eternity. The prophet joyfully celebrates the piety of the Israelites during that period, who traveled from neighboring lands to Jerusalem for communal prayers. The holy city, marked by its exquisite architecture and the harmony of its people, reflects the piety and splendor of the divine throne, where righteousness and judgment prevail, as understood by the faithful in Christ, who cherish the glory of the holy Church, established by divine grace and enriched with the precious blood of Christ the Redeemer, onto which the faithful ascend to their heavenly homeland after this life. Through the revelation of the Holy Spirit, the prophet expressed joy, recognizing Christ the Redeemer as the gateway for the faithful into the Kingdom of Heaven. The Old Testament Church was centered on the Law of Moses. Christ, God, delivered Adam from hell, leading to the emptying of hell itself. Christ established the New Testament Church, and through the Holy Spirit, the faithful are adopted.

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.