The Church Fathers on this verse

1 John 2:11Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

But he that hateth his brother is in darkness and walketh in darkness and knoweth not whither he goeth: because the darkness hath blinded his eyes.

Douay-Rheims

ο δε μισων τον αδελφον αυτου εν τη σκοτια εστιν και εν τη σκοτια περιπατει και ουκ οιδεν που υπαγει οτι η σκοτια ετυφλωσεν τους οφθαλμους αυτου

Greek (Byzantine text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

11 Church Fathers comment on this verse

Theophylact of Bulgaria

11th centuryChurch Father

Since the commandment of love for neighbors was given both to Jews and to Gentiles, the Apostle says that, along with the old commandment about love for one’s neighbor which you heard, he also writes to you a new commandment. It is true both in Him Who made you God’s own through communion with Him, and in you who have entered into communion with Him. For He says: “I have come as light into the world” (Jn 12:46). And the true Light, according to His word, is already shining, and in the light there is no darkness. Therefore let the true light of love shine in a true and sincere disposition toward the brethren. And let the darkness of hatred pass away, that is, disappear. The Apostle Paul also gives this meaning to the word “passes away” when he says: “For the form of this world is passing away” (1 Cor 7:31).

Augustine of Hippo

5th centuryChurch Father

“For he who hates his brother is in darkness, and walks in darkness, and does not know where he is going.” Here there is something very important, brethren, and we ask your attention. “For he who hates his brother is in darkness, and walks in darkness, and does not know where he is going, because the darkness has blinded his eyes.” Who can be blinder than those who hate their brothers?

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So that you may understand that they are blind, look: they have stumbled over the mountain. I speak of the same thing so that it may not slip from your memory. Is that stone which was cut from the mountain without human hands not Christ, Who came forth from the Jewish kingdom without the involvement of a man? Did this stone not crush all earthly kingdoms, that is, all the power of idols and demons? Did this stone not grow and become a great mountain, filling the whole world (cf. Dan 2:34-35)?

Must this mountain be pointed out with a finger, as people point out the three-day moon? When people want to see the new moon, they say, “There is the moon; there it is.” If there are some who cannot reach it with their gaze and say, “Where?”, they point with the finger and indicate it so that they may see. Sometimes, out of shame lest they be thought blind, they say that they saw what they did not see.

Is this how we must point out the Church, my brethren? Is she not open? Is she not manifest? Has she not embraced all nations? Is not that being fulfilled which was promised to Abraham so many years before, that in his seed all nations would be blessed (Gen 22:18)? This was promised to one faithful man, and the world has been filled with thousands of faithful.

Behold the mountain filling the whole face of the earth, and the city of which it is said, “A city set on a mountain cannot be hidden” (Mt 5:14). But they, the Donatists, have stumbled over the mountain. When they are told, “Go up!”, they answer, “This is not the mountain. There is no mountain!” They would sooner smash their face against it than seek refuge in it.

Yesterday the prophet Isaiah was read. Whoever among you yesterday was awake not only with eyes, but also with ears, and not only with bodily ears, but also with the ears of the heart, noticed the words: “In the last days the mountain of the house of God shall be manifest, prepared on the top of the mountains” (Is 2:2). What could be as manifest as a mountain?

Yet mountains too can be unknown, because they are located in some one place on earth. Which of you knows Olympus? Likewise those who live near it do not know our Giddaba. These mountains occupy only part of the earth. Not so that mountain. It has filled the whole face of the earth, and of it it is said, “prepared on the top of the mountains.” This mountain is above the summits of all mountains. “And all nations,” says the prophet, “shall flow to it.”

Who can lose his way at this mountain? Who smashes his face against it? Who can fail to notice a city set on a mountain? But do not marvel that those who hate the brethren do not notice it. They walk in darkness and do not know where they are going, because the darkness has blinded their eyes. They do not see the mountain. Do not marvel: they have no eyes.

Why do they have no eyes? Because darkness has blinded them. How shall we prove it? By the fact that they hate the brethren. By the fact that, after colliding with the African brethren, they separate themselves from the whole world. For the sake of the peace of Christ, they refuse to endure those whom they revile. Yet for the sake of the supporters of Donatus, they endure those whom they condemn.

This refers to the Maximianists, a group that split from the Donatists. To preserve the appearance of unity in their own ranks, the Donatists recognized the baptism and ordination of the supporters of Maximian, while refusing this to members of the catholic Church.

Let us see, then, what follows, and let us not be in darkness. How are we not to be in darkness? By loving the brethren. How do we prove that we love the brotherly fellowship? By not breaking unity.

Hilary of Arles

5th centuryChurch Father

Whoever has lost the eye of love does not know where to direct himself for a good deed.

Andrew the Monk

6th centuryChurch Father

Those who hate Christ remain in ignorance, becoming heirs of eternal fire. This is what the devil, who has darkened their inner eyes, makes them suffer.

Caesarius of Arles

6th centuryChurch Father

For such a one descends into Gehenna in ignorance, and in blindness is cast down into punishment, because he has withdrawn from the light of Christ.

Beda Venerabilis

7th centuryChurch Father

The ignorant man hastens toward Gehenna, where punishment awaits him, and he does not know where he is going, having rejected the light of Christ.

Eusebios (Orlinski)

19th centuryChurch Father

A prudent and caring father, foreseeing some danger for his children, repeatedly impresses warnings on them and reminds them of that danger. So also St. John repeats his warning against the sin that casts man into the darkness of ignorance and brings him near to perdition. This sin is hatred of the brother, hatred of one’s neighbor. “But he who hates his brother is in darkness and walks in darkness, and does not know where he is going, because the darkness has blinded his eyes.” Thus the Apostle depicts the ruinous harm of hatred. Whoever hates his neighbor, whoever he may be, deprives himself of love by surrendering to hatred. He also deprives himself of that grace-filled light which is drawn by love.

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He deprives himself of the grace of the Spirit of Christ, Who enlightens and guides on the path of salvation. Therefore he remains in the darkness of sinful ignorance. He walks, or acts, according to the attraction of corrupt inclinations and passions. Nourishing hatred for his neighbor, he rushes now toward one sin, now toward another, and does not think of his true good. Forgetting the holy commandment of love, he grows each day farther from the path of salvation and nearer to perdition. This is the meaning of the Apostle’s words: “He walks in darkness, and does not know where he is going, because the darkness has blinded his eyes.” The sin of hatred darkens sound reason and dulls the sense of good.

Ilija Sokolov

19th centuryChurch Father

“By this all will know,” said Christ, “that you are My disciples, if you have love among yourselves” (Jn 13:35). To be a true disciple of Jesus Christ means to inherit His love for one’s neighbor. Whoever has acquired this virtue has already passed from the kingdom of darkness into the kingdom of light. He walks the straight path to salvation. He walks without falling and without stumbling. Therefore it is impossible for him to become an occasion of sin, a cause of falling, or a stumbling block. On the contrary, those who are strangers to the works of love, and who have not known how to plant and root it in their heart, are dragged by the power of the passions onto every byway of vice. Sinful darkness closes their eyes and does not let them see how crooked their paths are, or how cruel and lamentable their lot is.

Michail (Lusin)

19th centuryChurch Father

“He does not know where he is going, because the darkness has blinded his eyes.” This is the same figurative speech as in Christ’s saying in Jn 12:35-36. The Apostle’s argument here (1 Jn 2:9-10) has the same structure as above (1 Jn 1:5-10). Blessed Theophylact sets out the connection and meaning of these verses in this way: “Nearness to God, or love for God, is known above all from love for one’s neighbor. For it is impossible that one illumined by the knowledge of God and filled with love for Him should have the darkness of hatred toward his brother. Light and darkness cannot be present at the same time in the same subject. Therefore, one illumined by love for God and possessing God also has light in relation to his brother. This light is kindled from love for the brother.

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But whoever says that he loves God, while hating his brother, is in continual darkness. The eyes of his understanding are always darkened, because he has lost the light of communion with God and with his brother. He no longer knows even what can be useful for himself” (Theophylact).

Michail Cheraskov

19th centuryChurch Father

In the first half of the second chapter, the foundations of all Christianity are drawn from what precedes (1 Jn 2:1-14). First, sinlessness is possible for Christians when Jesus Christ is their Advocate. “He is the propitiation for our sins, and not for ours only, but also for the sins of the whole world” (1 Jn 2:2). That is, not only for the sins of us who live at the present time, but also for those who lived before His coming into the world. Likewise, it is for those who will live until His second coming to earth and will appropriate to themselves His boundless merits. Second, true knowledge of God is the keeping of His word out of love for Him.

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“He who says, ‘I have known Him,’ that is, God, and does not keep His commandments, is false.” Such a man’s knowledge is cold and dead; it only puffs up and does not save. “But whoever keeps His word, in him the love of God has truly been perfected.” That is, perfect and saving love is seen in him, as the fruit of living knowledge of God (1 Jn 2:4-8). Third, true walking in the light consists in loving one’s brother. “He who loves his brother abides in the light,” that is, he is a true Christian. “But he who hates his brother is in darkness” (1 Jn 2:9-11). That is, he is in the darkness of ignorance concerning true Christianity, for the fundamental principle of Christian life has not yet touched his own life. Of course, in life there are infinitely many degrees of love. But the Apostle speaks in opposites and absolutely: either love or hatred.

Nikanor (Kamenski)

19th centuryChurch Father

Following the same great discourse of the Lord, the Apostle John calls love a new commandment. “A new commandment I give to you, that you love one another; as I have loved you, that you also love one another” (Jn 15:12, 17), says Jesus Christ. Love was also the fundamental commandment in the Old Testament (see Lev 19:18). Jesus Christ Himself proclaimed this when He was asked about the chief commandment in the Law (see Mt 22:34). St. John Chrysostom says that Jesus Christ made love a new commandment according to the pattern of His own love. Therefore He added: “as I have loved you.” The Apostle also speaks of precisely that love which was proclaimed by Jesus Christ and which they heard from the beginning of the Christian preaching, namely, that we should love one another.

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Therefore it can already be called ancient. According to the apostolic word, the newness of the commandment of love also lies in this: it contains the essence of all Christianity in general. In particular, it contains the essence of Christian morality and the general content of the Gospel proclamation, which is light. This light spread more and more as love increased. Thus whoever lives by hatred lives in darkness, or else in the light but as a blind man. By defining the living relationship of love, truth, and light on the one hand, and of hatred, falsehood, and darkness on the other, the Apostle gave Christians a clear understanding of true abiding in God and of departure from Him. At the same time, he traced the true path for their life and for the fullest possible understanding of Christ. In this way he warned them against being carried away either by the life of heretics or by their false teaching.

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.

The original text

Greek text, 27 words with lemma, transliteration and Strong’s number. Tap to expand.

  1. ὁ
    ho
    the
    G3588 · ὁ
  2. δὲ
    de
    but
    G1161 · δέ
  3. μισῶν
    misōn
    I hate
    G3404 · μισέω
  4. τὸν
    ton
    the
    G3588 · ὁ
  5. ἀδελφὸν
    adelphon
    a brother
    G80 · ἀδελφός
  6. αὐτοῦ
    autou
    he
    G846 · αὐτός
  7. ἐν
    en
    in
    G1722 · ἐν
  8. τῇ
    tē
    the
    G3588 · ὁ
  9. σκοτίᾳ
    skotia
    darkness
    G4653 · σκοτία
  10. ἐστὶν
    estin
    I am
    G1510 · εἰμί
  11. καὶ
    kai
    and
    G2532 · καί
  12. ἐν
    en
    in
    G1722 · ἐν
  13. τῇ
    tē
    the
    G3588 · ὁ
  14. σκοτίᾳ
    skotia
    darkness
    G4653 · σκοτία
  15. περιπατεῖ
    peripatei
    I walk
    G4043 · περιπατέω
  16. καὶ
    kai
    and
    G2532 · καί
  17. οὐκ
    ouk
    no
    G3756 · οὐ
  18. οἶδεν
    oiden
    I know
    G1492 · εἴδω
  19. ποῦ
    pou
    where
    G4226 · ποῦ
  20. ὑπάγει
    hypagei
    I go away
    G5217 · ὑπάγω
  21. ὅτι
    hoti
    that
    G3754 · ὅτι
  22. ἡ
    hē
    the
    G3588 · ὁ
  23. σκοτία
    skotia
    darkness
    G4653 · σκοτία
  24. ἐτύφλωσεν
    etyphlōsen
    I make blind
    G5186 · τυφλόω
  25. τοὺς
    tous
    the
    G3588 · ὁ
  26. ὀφθαλμοὺς
    ophthalmous
    the eye
    G3788 · ὀφθαλμός
  27. αὐτοῦ
    autou
    he
    G846 · αὐτός