The Church Fathers on this verse

Acts 2:19Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

And I will shew wonders in the heaven above, and signs on the earth beneath: blood and fire, and vapour of smoke.

Douay-Rheims

και δωσω τερατα εν τω ουρανω ανω και σημεια επι της γης κατω αιμα και πυρ και ατμιδα καπνου

Greek (Byzantine text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

9 Church Fathers comment on this verse

John Chrysostom

4th centuryChurch Father

Then the apostle continues the prophecy, which contains something fearful. "And I will show," he says, "wonders in heaven above and signs on the earth below."

By these words he hints both at the future judgment and at the destruction of Jerusalem.

"Blood and fire and vapor of smoke." See how he depicted the destruction.

These words too, "I will show wonders in heaven above," are not clear. By their very obscurity they frightened them still more.

If he had explained them, he would have armed them more strongly against himself. Therefore he passes over it as though it were clear, wishing to instill such an understanding.

Of course, later he explains it to them when he speaks with them about the Resurrection, after he has prepared them for it by his word.

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He willingly passes over this prophecy because acts of beneficence could not attract them. This had never happened before.

For then no one was saved, but now the faithful were saved under Vespasian.

This is what the Savior's words mean: "And if those days had not been shortened, no flesh would have been saved" (Mt 24:22).

What was more grievous happened first. First the inhabitants were taken captive, and then the city was destroyed and burned.

Theophylact of Bulgaria

11th centuryChurch Father

With these words the prophet clearly foretells the future judgment, Jerusalem, the plan of the Jews, the events that were to take place at the Cross of Christ, and finally what happened to the Jews because of the Roman war. Then much blood was shed in Judea by the Romans, and smoke rose from burning cities and villages. Yet the composer of the liturgical hymns understands the prophet's words in this way: blood is the Incarnation, fire is the Godhead, and the vapor of smoke is the Holy Spirit, Who overshadowed the Virgin by His coming and filled the world with fragrance.

Ephraem the Syrian

4th centuryChurch Father

In Joel's prophecy it is added: "blood and fire" (Joel 2:30). Blood is because of His Crucifixion, and fire because of the tongues (Acts 2:3).

He counted the Gentiles worthy of this fire, and the crucifiers worthy of the vapor of smoke, exacting from them payment for the blood of Christ and of the righteous.

Beda Venerabilis

7th centuryChurch Father

Blood from the side of the Lord, fire of the Holy Spirit, and vapor of repentance and weeping. For as smoke comes from fire, so vapor is born from the burning of the Holy Spirit.

One must also believe that what occurred was miraculous: blood flowed in a rushing stream from a dead body; see Jn 19:34. This is contrary to the nature of our bodies.

Even His death served for our salvation and our life.

By fire may be understood the illumination of believers. By vapor of smoke may be understood the blindness of the Jews who did not believe.

Therefore the Lord, when He was about to give the Law, descended in fire and smoke; see Ex 19:18.

He did this in order to enlighten the humble with the clarity of His manifestation, and to darken the eyes of the proud with the mist of sin.

Alexander Gorsky

19th centuryChurch Father

Then the twelve apostles came forward to the people, and Peter, no longer the former Peter, timid and fearful, but courageous and fearless, spoke to them.

He said that the extraordinary event now accomplished among them was the action of the Holy Spirit, whom God had once promised to send upon His servants.

He also said that Jesus Himself had sent this Spirit upon them, the disciples of Jesus. This was the same Jesus whom the Jews had recently crucified there.

God raised Him from the dead, glorified Him, and seated Him at His right hand. Therefore Jesus is the Christ.

The recent teachings of the Risen One Himself had shown that Christ had to suffer, and only by this path enter into His glory.

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The present enlightenment of the Spirit of God opened for Peter's speech a new source of strength and proofs in the prophecies.

Until then they had been obscure and could not exert such force over the minds of the Jews. Now they were intelligible to everyone who wished to know the truth.

The sign from heaven, which the Jews had so often and vainly asked of Jesus, now appeared of itself from Him who had ascended into heaven.

It bore witness to where the Crucified One now abode, whom they had considered powerless.

The ability to speak in new and unknown languages was an extraordinary gift among the miracles known from ancient and more recent times.

Ignatij (Semenov)

19th centuryChurch Father

Naturally, the Jews ought to know the prophecies and revere them, not laugh at their fulfillment or remain only in idle wonder and perplexity.

What, then, is said there? "And it shall be in the last days, says the Lord, that I will pour out of My Spirit upon all flesh, and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy.

Your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams. For upon My menservants and upon My maidservants in those days I will pour out of My Spirit, and they shall prophesy.

And I will give wonders in heaven above and signs on the earth below: blood and fire and vapor of smoke.

The sun shall be turned into darkness and the moon into blood, before the great and glorious day of the Lord comes.

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And it shall be that everyone who calls upon the name of the Lord shall be saved."

At the reminder of a prophecy, and such a wondrous prophecy concerning the common salvation of mankind, could the Jerusalem hearers refuse attention to the preacher?

It remained for him only to apply the word, showing that the present event is truly the fulfillment of the Word of God.

In this consists the whole of Peter's further speech. In it the greeting or appeal to the hearers is renewed, as though with a new invitation to still greater attention, if that were possible.

Innocentius of Kherson

19th centuryChurch Father

"And I will show wonders in heaven above and signs on the earth beneath, blood and fire and vapor of smoke. The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before the great and glorious day of the Lord comes. And it shall be that everyone who calls on the name of the Lord shall be saved" (Acts 2:19-21).

This is one of the prophecies concerning the present feast. Therefore the holy Apostle Peter cites it in his present sermon to the Jewish people.

Reading this prophecy with reverence, I have every time involuntarily asked myself what these wonders in heaven and signs on earth could be. What are this fire and blood and vapor of smoke, this darkening of the sun and turning of the moon into blood, foretold by the prophet?

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It is true that in the upper room of Zion, where the Apostles were gathered on the day of Pentecost, "there came a sound, as of a rushing mighty wind" (Acts 2:1). Yet this breath harmed no one, but only drew everyone's attention to the Apostles.

It is true that at this there appeared "divided tongues, as of fire" (Acts 2:3). Yet these tongues burned no one, but rested in peace and stillness upon the heads of the Apostles.

Where, then, are the fire, blood, and vapor of smoke? Where is the darkening of the sun? Where is the turning of the moon into blood?

Thus one might think that the prophecy was not fulfilled. But is it possible that what was foretold by the Holy Spirit should not be justified in deed?

No. What was proclaimed by the prophet could not fail to be fulfilled. It was fulfilled, only not in one day, so to speak, but over the course of an entire span of time.

For this prophecy, though it properly applies to the most glorious descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles as the beginning of the New Covenant, also embraces more than this one event and beginning. It also embraces the further destiny and establishment of the whole New Covenant.

"And I will give a New Covenant." How decisively all this was fulfilled several years later, at the destruction of Jerusalem and the fall of Judea.

How much blood, fire, and smoke there was then! How many times, because of that gloom and fire, neither sun nor moon could be seen on the horizon of Jerusalem!

All these terrible events served no other purpose than to abolish the Old Covenant and establish the New Covenant in power. Consequently, they were like the accompaniment of its manifestation.

The same may be said of certain later times, for example the time of Diocletian, when the last struggle of Christianity with Judaism and paganism came to an end.

Were not all the inhabitants of the empire, which was almost the same as the whole world, aflame then with fierce persecution against the followers of Christ?

Did not streams of the blood of martyrs and confessors flow everywhere? Did heaven not give special signs? Did dreadful events not occur on earth?

And what did all this serve, if not the final establishment of the New Testament religion and the destruction of Judaism and paganism?

To our own time it has fallen to see a new triumph of Christianity in the weakening of Mohammedanism before it. This is therefore, as it were, a new outpouring of the Spirit of truth and grace from above upon the earth.

And see, behold again signs in heaven and wonders on earth. Again everywhere there is blood and fire and vapor of smoke. The sun of the Christian power is turned into darkness, and the moon of Mohammedanism is drenched in blood.

Indeed, who could have expected whole armies in full armor to appear in the sky? Nothing like this had been heard since the destruction of Jerusalem and Josephus's narrative of it.

And now enlightened Germany sees this very thing in its own sky, to its amazement. It sees and involuntarily acknowledges in what it has seen a foretoken of bloody wars.

Read also what happened at the end of last summer with the appearance of the moon in our Volga regions. It seemed to be undergoing some terrible punishment, as though ending in torments and pains. Such transformations of its appearance were terribly mournful.

But I confess that, amid present circumstances, one sign on earth especially strikes me. This is the terrible earthquake from which unfortunate Bursa has suffered and continues to suffer.

It had to be that the subterranean fire should open in all its force and fury, and continue so long, at the very time when a bloody dispute between Mohammedanism and Christianity is under way.

It had to be that a volcano should open in that city and that place which may be called the cradle of Muslim strength and might.

It had to be that all this should take place not somewhere far away, but, so to speak, before the eyes of Constantinople.

How many, I think, even among the Mohammedans, look upon this spectacle with horror, recognize in it the finger of God, and think they see in it heavenly wrath over themselves.

Oh, if only at this there came to their mind another thought: that this is not some chance event, but the final voice from heaven to them of the Son of Mary, that they may return from the delusion of Mohammed.

And our brothers in the faith? They too must be struck by this fearful and all-crushing manifestation. Yet for them it is not for terror, but for consolation.

The words of prophecy are now being fulfilled over them: "When you see these things taking place" (Lk 21:3), then "look up and lift up your heads, because your redemption draws near" (Lk 21:28).

Yes, unfortunate brothers, and for that reason still more beloved, it draws near to you. No one has the power to stop it or delay it.

Where men act, one may still doubt success. But where the power of God appears, there is no place for doubt. For He "spoke, and they came to be; He commanded, and they were created."

But will someone ask: must the end of Mohammedanism really follow soon? Must it follow when almost the whole Christian West has risen in defense of its indestructibility and resolved to sacrifice itself?

Yes, my brethren, this must follow. For so it is pleasing to the Lord. One may say that it has already followed, for Mohammedanism is now nothing but a corpse that remains to be buried.

It is this burial, and not a life that no longer exists, which may be delayed for a certain time.

What, then, should be said in this case about the efforts of the Western powers in favor of Turkey?

The same thing that is rightly said of skillful but self-confident physicians. In a fit of pride, they take hopeless patients into their own hands and promise them recovery. When the patient soon dies from the medicines, people say they killed him.

The decrepit skeleton could have lived for some time yet beneath the beneficent shelter of Russia. But it could not endure those strains of strength, or those motions unnatural to it even in the time of its vigor, which they forced its weakened limbs to make.

Since we have been placed, my brethren, as witnesses of such remarkable times and such important events, shall we resemble little children? They do not understand what is happening before them, but only marvel at it and stretch out their eyes and hands.

No. More is required of us, and more lies before us.

Before us is falling the kingdom of Ishmael, once powerful and for so long the terror and scourge of Christianity.

How can we not rejoice at this for the lot of our fellow brothers, over whom this scourge weighs? How can we not stand in reverence before the ways of Providence?

Providence sent this enslavement as punishment for Eastern Christianity. Yet when the time came, before the face of the whole world, Providence itself broke the bonds and led His faithful people into freedom.

To our Fatherland it has been granted from above to begin the fulfillment of higher judgments over the East. Since we are sensitive to this great and holy honor, let us be courageous in bearing the burden of such service.

Let us remember that such an undertaking brings with it no small reward. It will be accompanied by blessing for Russia unto ages and generations.

The unbelief and pride of the Western peoples did not hesitate, by standing for Islam, to go against the ways of Providence. Thus in this case they have, as it were, foolishly joined their own destiny to the destiny of the sons of Hagar.

Let us grieve from the soul over this fall of Christianity. Let us learn not to entrust ourselves to earthly wisdom and elemental enlightenment.

These can blind whole peoples so far that they are ready to forget the Gospel and the Cross, and to lay down their souls for the Koran of Mohammed.

Finally, seeing that in the destiny of kingdoms and peoples everything is accomplished not according to the calculations of human self-love, but under the finger of the Most High, let us firmly believe in the Providence of God.

Let us see that even earthly greatness is joined to Christianity, while abasement and weakness are joined to Mohammedanism. Let us love the Cross of Christ, the one faithful source not only of eternal salvation, but also of earthly well-being. Amen.

Michail (Lusin)

19th centuryChurch Father

"And I will show wonders," and so forth. With this prediction concerning the abundant outpouring of the Spirit in the Kingdom of the Messiah upon all people, the prophecy joins a prediction concerning the judgment that will follow upon the ungodly world (vv. 19-20).

It also joins a prediction concerning the salvation of true worshippers of the true God (v. 21).

Wonders in heaven and signs on earth are presented as forerunners of this judgment, or indications of the time of its coming.

These wonders and signs, compare Ex 4:21, are extraordinary phenomena in outward nature and in the human world.

Both in the prophecy and in the apostle, the signs on earth are indicated first, and then the wonders in heaven.

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The signs on earth are blood, fire, and vapor of smoke. These are symbols of bloodshed, disturbances, wars, and desolations.

Blood and fire recall the Egyptian plagues before the exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt, when God executed His fearful judgment upon Egypt (Ex 7:4).

Blood recalls the changing of the water of the Nile into blood. Fire recalls the fire with thunder and hail that struck Egypt (Ex 7:17; Ex 9:23-24).

The vapor of smoke recalls conflagration and the destruction of cities by flame (Ex 9:18-19).

Nikanor (Kamenski)

19th centuryChurch Father

The wonders in heaven and on earth indicated here are chiefly those that will occur at the end of the last days, before the universal judgment upon the world.

In part, they are also those that will occur earlier as temporary punishment for stubborn rejection of the truth.

They will especially come for opposition to the spread of the truth and for violence against the heralds of faith in the Lord and Savior.

Heavenly wonders are evidently indicated in the words, "the sun shall be turned into darkness"; compare Mt 24:29.

Earthly signs are bloodshed, every kind of fiery calamity, and conflagrations. These soon befell the inhabitants of Jerusalem when it was fully conquered and destroyed after the Jewish revolt against Roman rule.

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For the stubborn Egyptians, plagues were used, among which were darkness, blood, and fire with thunder; see Ex 7:4, 17; 9:23-24.

Vapor of smoke in the Old Testament was also an expression of God's special wrath and punishment against His opponents; see Is 9:18-19.

Therefore the hearers had to understand why the apostle cited these words of the prophet, although they had no close relation to the immediate circumstance.

They were instructive for the hearers concerning their future lot and the destiny of the whole world, which must carefully attend to the Lord's universal decrees.

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.

The original text

Greek text, 19 words with lemma, transliteration and Strong’s number. Tap to expand.

  1. καὶ
    kai
    and
    G2532 · καί
  2. δώσω
    dōsō
    I offer
    G1325 · δίδωμι
  3. τέρατα
    terata
    a wonder
    G5059 · τέρας
  4. ἐν
    en
    in
    G1722 · ἐν
  5. τῷ
    tō
    the
    G3588 · ὁ
  6. οὐρανῷ
    ouranō
    the sky
    G3772 · οὐρανός
  7. ἄνω
    anō
    up
    G507 · ἄνω
  8. καὶ
    kai
    and
    G2532 · καί
  9. σημεῖα
    sēmeia
    a sign
    G4592 · σημεῖον
  10. ἐπὶ
    epi
    on
    G1909 · ἐπί
  11. τῆς
    tēs
    the
    G3588 · ὁ
  12. γῆς
    gēs
    the earth
    G1093 · γῆ
  13. κάτω
    katō
    down
    G2736 · κάτω
  14. αἷμα
    haima
    blood
    G129 · αἷμα
  15. καὶ
    kai
    and
    G2532 · καί
  16. πῦρ
    pyr
    fire
    G4442 · πῦρ
  17. καὶ
    kai
    and
    G2532 · καί
  18. ἀτμίδα
    atmida
    breath
    G822 · ἀτμίς
  19. καπνοῦ
    kapnou
    smoke
    G2586 · καπνός