The Church Fathers on this verse

Isaiah 1:17Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

Learn to do well: seek judgment, relieve the oppressed, judge for the fatherless, defend the widow.

Douay-Rheims

לִמְד֥וּ הֵיטֵ֛ב דִּרְשׁ֥וּ מִשְׁפָּ֖ט אַשְּׁר֣וּ חָמ֑וֹץ שִׁפְט֣וּ יָת֔וֹם רִ֖יבוּ אַלְמָנָֽה׃

Hebrew (Masoretic text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

9 Church Fathers comment on this verse · 10 commentaries

John Chrysostom

4th centuryChurch Father

"Learn to engage in righteousness." From deep wickedness, they have even lost sight of virtue. The prophet David proclaims, "Come, children, hear me: I will teach you the fear of the Lord" (Psalm 33:12). This understanding surpasses all other knowledge and deserves our greatest effort, especially as it encounters many challenges—stemming from our inherent tendencies, laziness of spirit, the deceptions of evil ones, and the multitude of tasks before us. Similarly, Baruch attests: "This God is our God; you shall not be deemed worthy of Him: devise every form of cleverness" (Baruch 3:36-37).

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Pursue righteousness, which involves defending the vulnerable, demanding significant effort and a strong spirit; thus, he states, "Seek." Numerous factors obscure the truth—such as possessions, ignorance, the thirst for power, shame, fear, and duplicity; hence, great vigilance is essential. Protect the oppressed. This holds greater significance than the previous directive; not only is sound judgement necessary, but also ensuring the resolution of the matter. Advocate for the orphan and intercede for the widow. God is deeply concerned that no one should endure harm, and even more so when an individual suffering from injustice faces further affliction. The plight of widowhood and orphanhood is grievous in itself; yet when others cause additional wrongs to these vulnerable individuals, it results in a profound tragedy.

Can you perceive the immense value God places on mercy and intercession for the wronged? We are called to perform these acts of goodness, and then, with God’s grace, we will receive the blessings prepared for us.

When you pay a visit, prioritize honoring the orphans, widows, and those in need over the esteemed and distinguished.

Demonstrating compassion to a widow will cleanse many of your transgressions.

Cyrill of Alexandria

5th centuryChurch Father

Demonstrating the ineffectiveness of mere ritualistic practices, the Lord proclaims, "Why should I be burdened with your countless sacrifices? I am already full." He further questions, "Who will purify this from your hands?" Thus, He highlights the nobility of living according to the Gospel and illustrates the path toward genuine holiness, not through mere symbols or grand temples, but through tangible actions and the virtues that embody great worth. He instructs us, "Learn to do good." However, may I ask, does anyone claim to entirely dismiss the commandments of the law, disregarding the directives established by God through Moses? How then does Christ assert, "Do not think that I have come to abolish the law and the prophets; I have not come to abolish, but to fulfill" (Matthew 5:17)?

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Similarly, how can Paul affirm that the law is holy, and the commandment is holy, righteous, and good (Romans 7:12)? We find ourselves questioning: since the law is indeed good when understood spiritually, does Christ entirely liberate us from it? On the contrary, He invites us to something superior, having established the law as a foundational teaching. The early lessons presented as mere shadows now lead us toward authentic service.

We must acknowledge that Moses’ Law instructs us to eschew vice and sin while prescribing penalties for wrongful acts. For this reason, Paul states, "I would not have known sin but by the law" (Romans 7:7). The teachings of the Gospel inspire us to embrace every virtue, thus rightfully earning the title of good. The commandments, such as "Thou shalt not kill" and "Thou shalt not commit adultery," were beneficial for those emerging from sin, yet they did not fully convey what embodies true goodness, neither did they express that one should not harbor anger against a brother or succumb to lust, nor did they lead to the perfecting of virtue. It is commendable to conquer anger, to celebrate the strength of restraining base desires, and to guard the mind against even contemplating the most shameful thoughts.

Thus, the teachings of the Gospel and the life-transforming power of Christ are truly remarkable. Hence, we must urge those attached to the law to "Learn to do good, and seek justice," implying that they should develop righteous discernment. Sadly, those in authority within the Jewish synagogue were also plagued by a failure to judge rightly; they cast corrupt votes, were swayed by bribes, pursued self-interest, and sold their consent to those wishing to commit wrong. The prophet laments, "The leaders of her people are guilty of bribery" (Isaiah 5:23). Therefore, for those aspiring to live in accordance with the Gospel, the commandment to judge rightly, not only in outward affairs but also in inner thoughts and intentions, is both essential and heavenly beneficial for upholding justice.

I assert, when God condemns vice, Satan extols it; and when the Savior's law calls us towards virtuous deeds deserving of love, Satan leads us astray. Our mind acts as a judge and decider; whoever praises and favors goodness must advocate for justice, while one who permits wrongdoing has forfeited the capacity for righteous judgment and will rightly face the admonition, "Woe to those who call evil good, and good evil; who put darkness for light, and light for darkness; who put bitter for sweet, and sweet for bitter" (Isaiah 5:20). This suggests an imperative: "Defend the oppressed." It calls for compassion in judgment: "Defend the widow," invites the Lord; and let us reason together, says the Lord. Are they not as litigants before the Lord? For He declares that He will be justified in His words and will prevail when He judges (Psalm 50:6). No one will stand free from corruption, nor can anyone boast a pure heart; instead, they expose themselves to condemnation. If divine glory were not vast and awe-inspiring, as the wise Paul teaches, "The sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory which shall be revealed in us" (Romans 8:18). Thus, to those transitioning from a life under the law to a superior existence in Christ through faith, He promises the forgiveness of past transgressions. Faith serves as the foundation of our hope and the pathway to divine mercy, allowing it to act as a door into grace.

The grace that comes through faith is sufficient to cleanse those who are severely tainted as well as those with lighter burdens, as He assures us, saying, "Though your sins are like scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they are red like crimson, they shall be like wool." For if God cleanses, nothing remains

unpurified, as Paul states: "Where sin abounds, grace does much more abound" (Romans 5:20). And again, "Who shall bring any charge against the elect of God? It is God who justifies. Who is the one who condemns?" (Romans 8:33-34).

Basil the Great

4th centuryChurch Father

Strive to pursue righteousness. This is a principle that you have disregarded and have yet to grasp. While it is possible to gain understanding in doing good, the law fails to provide effective teaching, as its demands are often perceived as harsh. Hence, you must ultimately turn to the teachings of the Gospel. Let the example of construction from the divine Word serve as a guide. Picture an affluent individual, surrounded by an abundance of delicacies for a feast, yet he has a preference for only one item. As he discards everything else that does not satisfy his desires, the servants are compelled to cater to his true inclinations. Similarly, after dismissing all that is secondary to the law, it becomes essential to prepare for the acceptance of the Gospel.

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Purify yourselves. But what is the benefit of that? To achieve cleanliness. And what is the goal of purity? To behold God. Is mere cleansing sufficient, granting forgiveness for past wrongdoings while allowing one to remain at ease? Or is more required? Remove the falsehoods from your hearts in My view. Learn to act righteously, for moral instruction is often not readily apparent nor disclosed to all immediately; it necessitates a process of learning to perform good deeds. For it is written: "Righteousness, righteousness shall you pursue" (Deuteronomy 16:20), meaning that one should engage in just acts according to the statutes of righteousness. Just as one might effect healing without adhering to the principles of medicine, one can also perform actions that may appear righteous while being fundamentally unjust.

For instance, the use of a medicinal herb pertains to healing, observed through the lens of medical practice, where the potency of the herb, the nature of the ailment, timing, dosage, and method of application are all considered. Yet, actions taken within the framework of science differ significantly from random actions. The one who adheres to artistic principles will consistently yield the same beneficial result, provided they follow these guidelines. In contrast, those who act spontaneously may not always achieve favorable outcomes; what aids in one instance might cause harm in another. Likewise, training in goodness, guided by principles, should be conducted with honor, as it is the internal law that directs every deed.

The prophet emphasizes the importance of learning righteous conduct, stating, "Let favor be shown to the wicked, yet he will not learn righteousness" (Isaiah 26:10). Additionally, David highlights the necessity of imparting the fear of God when he says, "Come, children, listen to me; I will teach you the fear of the Lord" (Psalm 33:12). Call forth justice, the judgment of Christ, by which He evaluates and rewards us according to our deeds. Without seeking Him and keeping Him in sight, we cannot persist in doing good; for the meditation on the anticipated and awe-inspiring Judgment serves as our compass for godliness. Everything will be subjected to scrutiny and judgment; nothing occurs without purpose or randomness.

For it is said, "You do all things with counsel" (Sirach 32:21) and "The thoughts of the righteous are just" (Proverbs 12:5). Thus, it is vital for the mind, acting as the highest authority within us, to consistently reason and reflect upon what should be spoken and done, allowing careful thought to lead to action and aspirations of the soul to be fulfilled. As Paul states, "For if we would judge ourselves, we would not be judged" (1 Corinthians 11:31).

Assist the aggrieved. There are two types of offenses: some pertain to physical matters such as possessions and external circumstances, while others affect the soul. Yet, regardless of the type, we are tasked with aiding those who are hurt. We must understand that we should prioritize care for those whose essential well-being is at stake. For those ensnared by the devil and held captive, our diligent efforts should focus on liberating them from his grasp and leading their minds into Christ's obedience.

At the same time, we must also strive to alleviate the suffering of those in need from physical afflictions when they succumb to the tyranny of oppressors, swept away by their violence. If we are unable to free them, we should offer words of consolation to help them endure, sparing no effort on our part. Even if we cannot achieve the desired outcome in this endeavor, we shall at least show love and compassion as brethren.

Render justice for the orphans, for they are often overlooked, and it is difficult for them to seek justice. Therefore, ensure that you act on behalf of orphans who lack advocates, compensating for what they are missing in their vulnerabilities, so that you may proudly claim, "I am a father to the needy" (Job 29:16). This sentiment can also be understood on a more spiritual level.

Since God is referred to as the Father of those who believe in Christ and live in accordance with the Gospel, if anyone, through transgressions of the law, alienates himself from God and finds himself orphaned due to the withdrawal of divine care, it is your duty to help restore him to fellowship with God through wise and truthful judgment, avoiding unreasonable condescension or harsh expulsion. Instead, offer him means of repentance that are constructive.

And since it is stated that all who sin are of the devil (1 John 3:8), if someone chooses to sever ties with that evil lineage and embraces the doctrine of righteousness, seeking to be reborn through the Gospel of Christ and thus become a truly blessed orphan, then let him receive special care from those who build a community of shared goods for all.

The value of orphanhood is seen in the Psalms, where it is instructed that the children of Judah be distanced from evil. It is thus justly wished that the ungodly influence be removed, leaving them devoid of a corrupt mentor, who, ensnared by greed, deserves the labels of thief and traitor. Justify the widow, for she is one who, due to her frailty, endures many trials, being vulnerable to those who wish to exploit her.

Assist the widow by all means, ensuring she receives justice, particularly if she is a genuine widow bereft of human support, yet places her complete trust in God and persists in prayer, maintaining purity in her devotion and heart. God often refers to the soul as His bride; if the soul has become a widow through turning away from Christ and spiritual infidelity through idolatry, she must be justified and learn of her redemption through repentance.

Moreover, the fleshly Israel represents a widowed Church that has been liberated from the burdens of the law, allowing her to unite with another husband, Christ, who pledges Himself to her for her salvation, without branding her an adulteress. Thus, it is imperative that she, too, receives justification, guided by our instruction in the truth of Christ's Gospel.

Ephraem the Syrian

4th centuryChurch Father

Seek justice - extend kindness to those who are downtrodden, the very ones you have wronged by accepting corrupt offerings; defend the fatherless and vindicate the widow, whom you ignored because they had nothing to offer you.

Jerome of Stridon

4th centuryChurch Father

Cultivate the practice of goodness. This indicates that moral integrity must be imparted, as innate virtue alone does not suffice for true righteousness. Great is the individual who does not grasp it through proper guidance. In a similar vein, Jesus, the son of Sirach, states: ‘thou hast desired wisdom, keep the commandments, and the Lord will give it thee.’ Additionally, the prophet Isaiah later declares: ‘whosoever shall not learn righteousness on earth shall not do righteousness.’ Therefore, righteousness must be acquired, and one should engage with the teachers of wisdom. Pursue justice, assist those in distress, attend to the needs of orphans, and defend the widow; then you may bring your case before Me, says the Lord.

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Jewish sacrifices are now replaced by the teachings of the Gospel, underscoring His concern for orphans and widows, leading martyrs to arise in their struggles, undeterred by the safety of their families. Yet He affirms, when you act thus, hold Me to account if I fail to deliver the rewards I have promised. In urging the pursuit of justice, He indicates that not everyone can enact it rightly, but only those endowed with wisdom. Thus, Solomon sought from God in a dream that, having received wisdom, he might render just judgments for his people.

Ambrose of Milan

4th centuryChurch Father

Why discuss human perspectives when it is clear from Divine teachings that nothing provoked the Jews' fury against the Lord more than the mistreatment of widows and the oppression of the vulnerable? This behavior, as affirmed by the prophets, led to a well-deserved repudiation of the Jews. It is believed that the only way to lessen the severity of this transgression is to honor widows and ensure just treatment for the weak. Herein also lies the representation of the Church. Therefore, dear widows, you should not easily forsake that noble endeavor which is safeguarded by Divine favor.

Why consider human perspectives when the divine scriptures clearly indicate that nothing provoked the Jews' ire against the Lord like the mistreatment of widows and the unjust actions towards the vulnerable? This situation, as consistently affirmed by the prophets, led to the rightful condemnation of the Jews. It is said, "Only one thing can lessen the severity of this offense: if widows are honored and justice is served for the oppressed." Indeed, as it is written, "Learn to do good; seek justice, correct oppression; bring justice to the fatherless, plead the widow's cause" (Isaiah 1:17-18). Furthermore, it is stated, "The Lord preserves all who love him, but all the wicked he will destroy" (Psalm 145:9). Additionally, the widow is promised, "I will bless her abundantly" (Psalm 131:15). Here, a representation of the Church is also present. Therefore, dear holy widows, let us not treat lightly the sacred role of widowhood, which is enveloped in Divine grace.

Isidore of Pelusium

5th centuryChurch Father

Many individuals, though eloquent in speech, find themselves corrected by their actions, as they proclaim Divine truths publicly while engaging in behaviors that are improper in private. Hence, the exhortation is given: strive to perform good works. For merely articulating virtuous thoughts without accompanying them with righteous actions is not only futile but also provokes ridicule among those who take matters seriously.

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It has been observed that many who dispense significant counsel often lack the ability to carry out even the most minor obligations. Such individuals, despite their articulate expressions, should feel a sense of shame regarding their actions. Thus, the insistence remains: strive to perform good works. Therefore, anyone who desires to avoid blame and consequence must live in accordance with the teachings conveyed.

Tertullian

3rd centuryTeacher of the Church

The Lord God, through His prophets, has conveyed a message that highlights His high regard for widowhood: Engage in acts of kindness, pursue justice, help those in need, advocate for the orphan, and support the widow. It is evident that God has taken these two vulnerable circumstances under His care, valuing them all the more in His divine compassion, especially as they are often scorned by society. Notice how God views a man who looks after the widow as being akin to Himself. This illustrates the esteem He holds for her, having proclaimed Himself her ardent protector.

Vissarion (Nechaev)

19th centuryCommentator

Genuine repentance extends beyond simply avoiding wrongful actions; it entails embracing the virtues that counter them. Until now, you have engaged in various forms of wickedness, particularly towards your neighbors: it is time to learn—learn the ways of doing good. You have previously supported the powerful in legal matters while neglecting the plight of the vulnerable: now seek justice and ensure that kindness prevails. You have allowed various injustices and oppressions to occur around you: now not only refrain from committing such acts, but also discourage others from harming your neighbors; protect the victims from their oppressors.

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You have turned a blind eye to those who exploit orphans and widows, ignoring their pleas for help: now advocate for the rights of the orphan—render fair judgment when an orphan seeks your assistance against evildoers—and uphold the cause of the widow—defend her when she faces false allegations from those who wish her harm.

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.