The Church Fathers on this verse

Isaiah 21:13Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

The burden in Arabia. In the forest at evening you shall sleep, in the paths of Dedanim.

Douay-Rheims

מַשָּׂ֖א בַּעְרָ֑ב בַּיַּ֤עַר בַּעְרַב֙ תָּלִ֔ינוּ אֹֽרְח֖וֹת דְּדָנִֽים׃

Hebrew (Masoretic text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

3 Church Fathers comment on this verse

Cyrill of Alexandria

5th centuryChurch Father

Art 12. Extend your coverings. I will awaken in the morning and at night. This directive seems to be directed toward the Idumeans, as if God were criticizing them for their futile attempts to free themselves from their adversaries while neglecting to seek His salvation and refuge. When the Assyrians posed a threat to them, they barred the gates of their cities and fortified their defenses; yet these efforts proved utterly futile. The cities fell into their enemies’ hands, and not a single soul was spared. Thus, God’s message to them reflected their situation: indeed, He urges them to devise commendable plans and guard their strongholds; as if responding, they declared, “I will keep watch morning and night” (Ps. 126:1).

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However, it was essential for them to seek assistance from above, relying on God rather than on stones, for they lamented that the walls of their cities were so completely dismantled that not a single stone remained in place. If you seek, seek to dwell with Me. Under the oak at night you shall find rest. If you desire help, seek it from Me, the One who can save, and dwell with Me, that is, be Mine, and reflect on what belongs to Me, having turned away from the worship of false deities. This mirrors what the Savior proclaimed: “If anyone loves Me, he will also follow Me, and where I am, My servant will also be" (John 12:26). He continues, when the enemy’s forces have ravaged all the territory of Idumea, you will find yourself outside the walls or cities, and among the oaks at night, living alongside wild creatures and in the swamps. In this way, you will finally face the consequences for your severity against your brethren.

Ephraem the Syrian

4th centuryChurch Father

The Arabians, also referred to as the descendants of Kidar, were compelled to relocate due to the Assyrian incursion into Arabia. Their renowned cities—Phalassar, Harran, Ana, Aba, and Gozan—fell into the hands of the Assyrians. This is illustrated by the words of the Assyrian king who sent a messenger to Hezekiah, ridiculing both Hezekiah and his God. Despite having conquered numerous kings, the envoy sought to demonstrate that the Jewish faith in their God and king was futile, especially since the deities of other nations had proven powerless to rescue them.

Jerome of Stridon

4th centuryChurch Father

The load placed upon Arabia is significant. In the evening, you will find rest in the forest along the paths of Dodanim. Those who encounter others should provide water to the thirsty; those who reside in the southern region should offer bread to the weary runner. They have fled from swords, from the open blade, from the drawn bow, and from fierce battles. The Lord has declared to me that within a year, akin to the tenure of a hired worker, the splendor of Kidar will be stripped away, and the remaining valiant archers among the children of Kidar will be greatly reduced. The Sovereign Lord of Israel has spoken this truth.

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Upon reflecting on which Arabia this prophecy refers to—be it Moabites, Ammonites, Idumeans, or other nations currently recognized as Arabs—the subsequent words within the same vision affirm that it pertains to the Ishmaelites, for all the glory of Kidar will ebb away and the brave archers will dwindle.

Genesis informs us that Kidar and the Hagarites descended from Ishmael, who are inaccurately labeled as Saracens. They inhabit the deserts, and I believe the poet speaks of them as the widely traveling Barcaeans. Their territory extends from India to Mauritania and the Atlantic. The Scriptures also emphasize the judgment upon Kidar and the kingdoms of Azor, as expressed in Jeremiah: "Thus saith the Lord, Arise, and go to Kidar, and devastate the sons of the east. Their tents and their flocks shall they take; their coverings and all their utensils shall they carry away" (Jeremiah 49:28-29).

The destruction of the city of Azor, which served as the capital of this people, was orchestrated by Babylon. The herds of camels and flocks were seized, but this did not completely eliminate the people of Kidar. Those skilled in warfare will survive, but many will flee and remain. Understanding the nature of Kidar, Arabia, and Azor allows us to interpret the words of Isaiah: "In the forest at evening you will fall asleep on the paths of Dodanim." Here, Arabia symbolizes the onset of darkness, reflecting spiritual darkness where sin prevails.

The reference to wandering paths signifies those living ungodly lives, who do not dwell in fruitful fields but instead reside in barren forests of sins. This evokes the image in Kings where the forest claimed more lives than the sword during Absalom’s rebellion (2 Kings 18:8). Those lost in darkness, represented by the paths of Dedan, face divine judgment for their sins. The phrase "you who meet, bring water to him that thirsteth" signifies the urgent call to assist those fleeing from devastation. Their escape from the perilous swords suggests a plea for spiritual sustenance amidst physical suffering.

As the Lord promises that "in one more year" all the glory of Kidar will vanish, so too will the might of its archers. This declaration juxtaposes the fleeting glory of impermanent things with the lasting truth of divine salvation. As the reference to the hireling signifies, the judgment upon Kidar will soon follow. Those who flee from spiritual desolation will find life and sustenance in the waters of baptism and the bread of heaven, for the Lord, the God of Israel, has decreed it.

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.