THEOSISTheodoret of Cyrus
What is the significance of 'the divided hoof and the chewing cud'? The term 'divided hoof' seems to refer to the ability to discern between good actions and those contrary to righteousness. This implies living not just for the present but also for the eternal life to come, allocating to each what is necessary—soul and body, including all related matters. Meanwhile, 'chewing cud' symbolizes the deep understanding of Divine teachings. Just as sheep and similar creatures continually ruminate their nourishment, the devoted and God-fearing individual exclaims, ‘I love Thy law, O Lord; all the day long it is my meditation’ (Ps. 118:97). Some animals possess divided hooves and chew their food, whereas others, like donkeys, elk, horses, and certain wild beasts, lack both qualities.
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Among those with divided hooves, there are some that do not ruminate, like pigs, and among those that chew but do not have divided hooves are creatures such as camels and hares. In a similar manner, we can find among humanity individuals who are fully dedicated to learning Divine truths and practice virtue, contrasted with those who may recite Divine teachings with their lips yet fail to genuinely engage in righteous living, resembling the camel. Some individuals have not yet experienced the goodness of God and have yet to begin their quest for Divine knowledge but focus on honorable deeds, whereas others may lack any faith altogether and are devoid of all good works.