The Church Fathers on this verse

Psalm 112 (111):10Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

The wicked shall see, and shall be angry, he shall gnash with his teeth and pine away: the desire of the wicked shall perish.

Douay-Rheims · Hebrew numbering, Septuagint numbering in brackets.

רָ֘שָׁ֤ע יִרְאֶ֨ה ׀ וְכָעָ֗ס שִׁנָּ֣יו יַחֲרֹ֣ק וְנָמָ֑ס תַּאֲוַ֖ת רְשָׁעִ֣ים תֹּאבֵֽד׃

Hebrew (Masoretic text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

8 Church Fathers comment on this verse

John Chrysostom

4th centuryChurch Father

Virtue stands in stark contrast to vice, which it finds burdensome and intolerable. Just as fire consumes thorns, so humanity serves as a source of discomfort to inhuman and cruel individuals, acting as a rebuke to their wrongdoing. Observe how the sinner, burning with resentment, cannot bring himself to voice a reproach or meet the radiant gaze of virtue; his spirit withers away, shown through clenched teeth, yet he remains silent, suffering internally. Such is the nature of vice: even when it approaches the throne or stands before those adorned with crowns, it remains despicable and fearsome; it resembles a tumultuous storm or a restless sea, regardless of its apparent power.

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In contrast, virtue, even when faced with dire poverty or imprisonment, radiates a glory surpassing that of kings, basking in peace and tranquility. It does not only reject any affront from the wicked but can also, in silence, hold them accountable and call upon strict judgment for their misdeeds.

What could be more pitiable than a person living in vice, who, in addition to servitude to material wealth, disdains the dignity of others, perceives their honor as a personal humiliation, and invites condemnation upon himself? He is tormented by his conscience, suffering in his spirit, becoming his own executioner. Do you perceive the superior strength of virtue? Can you see the impotence and despair that defines vice? But this is not the sole element of the sinner's misery; there are many other factors, as indicated by the prophet who states, “the sinner's desire shall perish.” What does it signify that “the sinner's desire shall perish”? It implies that it is not lasting. Just as the objects of his desires are fleeting and unstable, so too are the desires themselves—they shift, wane, and lack foundation. If this depicts the condition of the sinner in this life, consider the fate awaiting him in the age to come. Thus, to avoid sharing in such a fate, let us steer clear of that path and instead choose the way of virtue, continuously traveling this safe and secure route, fortified against adversaries, filled with joy and honor, guiding us to heaven, bestowing upon us God’s grace in all matters, imparting wisdom, and containing benefits beyond expression. May we all partake in these through the grace and mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ; to Him be glory and honor forever and ever. Amen.

Augustine of Hippo

5th centuryChurch Father

I hope, dear friends, that you have recognized and remembered the title of this Psalm. The reference here is directed to Haggai and Zechariah. These prophets had not yet come into being when these lines were sung. Yet, one after another, they began to prophesy regarding matters tied to the restoration of the temple, as had been prophesied long ago. The temple of God is sacred; indeed, you are that temple (1 Corinthians 3:17). Therefore, anyone who engages in the effort to assemble this sacred structure, with the hope of a strong and holy edifice as a living stone raised from the wretched ruins of this world, comprehends the significance of the Psalm's title and the message of Haggai and Zechariah.

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Let such a person therefore recite the subsequent verses, not merely with their spoken voice but through the actions of their life. The culmination of this divine construction will be the ineffable realm of wisdom, the foundation of which lies in the reverence of the Lord; hence, let the one who is built up by this address begin from there.

Blessed is the one who reveres the Lord; they shall find great delight in His commandments (Psalm 111:1). God, who alone governs with righteousness and mercy, observes the extent to which one abides by His commandments. Life on earth is indeed a trial, as Job reminds us (Job 7:1). But it is the Lord who judges us (1 Corinthians 4:4). He will discern the benefit each individual derives from His commands. The one who cherishes the peace of this collective building will take great pleasure in them. They should not lose hope, for there is tranquility on earth for those of goodwill (Luke 2:14).

Next comes the declaration, "His descendants shall be mighty in the land" (Psalm 111:2). The Apostle evidence that acts of mercy are seeds for future blessings when he states, "Let us not grow weary while doing good, for in due season we will reap" (Galatians 6:9), and again, "He who sows sparingly will also reap sparingly" (2 Corinthians 9:6). What could be more compelling than that not only did Zacchaeus acquire the kingdom of heaven for half of his wealth (Luke 19:8), but the widow offered her two small coins (Mark 12:42), and thus everyone has equal access to that kingdom? What could be stronger than the reality that the same kingdom holds immense value for the wealthy and signifies a mere cup of cold water for the poor? "Wealth and abundance shall be in his house" (Psalm 111:3). For his house signifies his heart, where, in heartfelt praise to God, he possesses greater riches in the hope of eternal life than those who seek flattery amidst ornate palaces and extravagant banquets, coupled with the dread of eternal death. His righteousness is everlasting; behold His glory, for there lies true wealth. Meanwhile, worldly luxuries like fine garments, sumptuous feasts—even if they are enjoyed—will fade; and when they come to an end, the anguished soul will cry out in thirst for just a drop of water (Luke 16:24).

"For the righteous, light will shine in the darkness" (Psalm 111:4). Righteously, the godly direct their hearts to God, rightly aligning their paths with His will and refraining from arrogance. They recall that they once dwelled in darkness but now find light in the Lord (Ephesians 5:8). The Lord God is merciful, compassionate, and just. It brings us joy to know His mercy and compassion, yet understanding His justice can be daunting. Fear not, nor lose heart, joyful person who reveres the Lord and finds delight in His commands. Be gracious, be merciful, and lend. For the Lord is just in judging without mercy those who have shown none (James 2:13), but "Blessed is the one who is gracious and lends" (Psalm 111:5); God will not turn away from him, as if he were unworthy. "Forgive, and you will be forgiven; give, and it will be given to you" (Luke 6:37-38). You forgive to be forgiven, and you are merciful when you lend. While various acts of charity encompass helping others through hardship, there is a distinction when one spends neither wealth nor toil, but rather, by forgiving those who have wronged them, receives free pardon for their own shortcomings. He who refuses to give to the needy seeks only riches; heed the words, "You will have treasures in heaven" (Matthew 19:21). You will not lose dignity by forgiving, for conquering anger is a commendable triumph. You shall not face impoverishment through generosity, for heavenly treasures are a more secure possession. The previous verse, "Wealth and abundance shall be in his house," resonates deeply with this sentiment.

Thus, one who engages in these deeds should articulate their words wisely. Their actions themselves will speak for them and offer protection during the Judgment; it will not lack favor, as they themselves have shown kindness. They will stand unshaken (Psalm 111:6). Those called to the right hand will hear these words, "Come, you blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world." None but acts of mercy are acknowledged there. Hence, he shall hear, "Come, you blessed of my Father," for the lineage of the upright shall be blessed. The righteous will endure in everlasting remembrance. They shall not fear evil tidings; their hearts are steadfast, trusting in the Lord (Psalm 111:7). Such words will be spoken to those on the left: "Depart from Me, you cursed, into the everlasting fire prepared for the devil and his angels" (Matthew 25:34, 41). The one who does not seek their own interests but the interests of Jesus Christ (Philippians 2:21) endures trials with patience, waiting in hope for the promises. They are not easily shaken by temptations; their heart remains steadfast and does not falter until they see what will befall their adversaries (Psalm 111:8). Their foes sought to witness good in this life, and upon being promised unseen blessings, they questioned, "Who will show us good?" Therefore, let our hearts be strengthened and not disheartened until we look beyond our adversaries. They wish to see the good deeds of men in this realm, while we anticipate the goodness of the Lord in the land of the living.

Yet it is truly remarkable to possess a steadfast heart, unwavering, when others rejoice in the pleasures visible to the eye and scoff at those who hope for the unseen, which the Lord has prepared for those who love Him (1 Corinthians 2:9). How precious is that which remains unseen, and how much one must invest to obtain it. Therefore, he gives in secret and aids the needy (Psalm 110:9); he has not seen but has purchased a treasure, gathering wealth in heaven while those on earth go hungry and thirsty. No surprise, then, that his righteousness will endure forever; He who created the ages safeguards it. His horn, which the proud have scorned, will be exalted in honor.

The wicked will see and be filled with rage (Psalm 111:10); this anger is late and unfruitful repentance. For whom do they rage against, if not themselves, when they lament, "What has our pride availed us?"; "What good has our wealth brought us?" (Wisdom 5:8). Seeing that his horn is lifted in honor, he who wasted his goods and generously gave to the poor will grind his teeth in despair, for there will be wailing and gnashing of teeth. He will no longer bloom and bear fruit as he might have, had he repented in time; instead, he will feel remorse when the desires of the wicked fade, and there will be no solace. The aspirations of the wicked fade as all creation passes like a shadow (Wisdom 5:8-9), when the blossom perishes upon withering grass. Yet the word of the Lord, which endures forever (Isaiah 40:8), though mocked by the empty vanity of those falsely joyous, will mock the ruin of those who are genuinely wretched.

Athanasius the Great

4th centuryChurch Father

The sinner will witness this and feel wrath. He summons the adversary, who is filled with rage upon observing the redeemed Gentiles, yearning for the downfall of all.

Theodoret of Cyrus

5th centuryChurch Father

Individuals who choose to pursue wickedness, witnessing the exaltation of the righteous, will become envious and plot evil actions; however, their intentions will not come to fruition, nor will their cravings be fulfilled, as such thoughts are unjust and deeply opposed to God.

Euthymios Zigabenos

11th centuryCommentator

The unrighteous, he asserts, including the merciless individual or the adversary, observes that the compassionate person shows kindness to the needy, which provokes anger, as the unmerciful regards the expression of his own cruelty as the compassion of the benevolent. Chrysostom describes such actions as virtues; they are demanding and opposed to all forms of vice. Consequently, the merciless person will grind his teeth in frustration and sorrow, yet he will refrain from uttering any words against the compassionate one. The righteousness of the compassionate renders him mute; thus, the unmerciful is vexed by the good deeds and virtues of the merciful, and, consumed by envy, he ultimately destroys himself.

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However, his desires will come to nothing, for, according to Chrysostom, these desires pertain to transient and earthly matters; thus, with the decay and ruin of such things, so too will the longings of the merciless fade away.

Some interpret the phrase, ‘The light shone in the darkness,’ as applicable to the righteous person, whom David terms blessed at the outset of the Psalm, rather than to God Himself. Consequently, the merciful individual illuminates the blinded souls of both the disobedient and the reverent, and the subsequent verses also refer to him, illustrating that the merciful extends mercy and generosity and judges with fairness. Athanasius interprets the term 'sinner' as referring to the devil, who, consumed by a desire for the annihilation of all, feels resentment toward the salvation granted to the nations. Isychius and Seberius also equate the sinner with the devil. For it is customary for the devil to gnash his teeth, akin to a fierce lion. However, he too shall be cast away to the fires of Gehenna, his predetermined destination, where he will also gnash his teeth, as declared by the Lord. Eusebius categorizes the Jews and unfaithful Gentiles as sinners, noting that the former grinds their teeth out of jealousy for the success of the believing Gentiles, while the latter are considered unfaithful because the faithful have departed from them to embrace a godly lifestyle.

In the words of Goldsmith, this is the nature of wickedness; despite its reach to the highest powers, it appears insignificant and cowardly when viewed by all. It can be likened to the clamor and chaos of the sea. What could be more wretched than a life entrenched in evil? One who, in addition to becoming enslaved by material possessions, also withers away from the achievements of others, viewing the honor of others as his own punishment? So, what does it signify that the desires of the sinner will come to an end? They will not find contentment anywhere. And if this reflects the state of the sinner in this life, consider how it shall be in the life to come.

Irenaeus (Klementjewsky)

18th centuryCommentator

The ultimate virtue of a person who reveres God is their ability to triumph over all jealousy. The sinner, upon witnessing the righteous deeds and success of a virtuous individual, may be consumed by envy, like a fierce dog gnashing its teeth, yearning to bring harm to the righteous. However, such a desire remains unfulfilled, leading to the sinner's own demise alongside their envy. Truly, blessed is the individual who honors the Lord, while those who do not are left poor and wretched.

Ireneus (Orda)

19th centuryCommentator

This psalm, like its predecessor, follows an alphabetical arrangement and may have been composed by the same author as Psalm 110. It extols the blessedness of the righteous individual, who adheres to all divine commandments (v.1), particularly emphasizing the command to actively love one’s neighbor (vv.5, 6, and 9). The deeds and words of such a person will be assessed during the final judgment. He is promised an abundant and blessed lineage (v.2) and everlasting joy (v.3), for the truth endures, and his righteousness has lasting effects, impacting not only his own life but also extending to his descendants, with implications for eternity.

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In times of distress, represented by darkness, the Lord provides support (v.4b). Darkness symbolizes adversity, while light represents salvation and joy (Psalm 96:11; Isaiah 58:7-8, 60). The Lord, in His mercy, arises as a beacon in the gloom (Isaiah 60:1-3). As a result, everything prospers for him; he remains unshaken by his adversaries (v.5) and harbors no fear. Sustained by trust in God, he ultimately prevails over all challengers (vv.6-8) and gazes with delight upon those who oppose him as they meet their downfall. The horn represents strength; it grows and is fortified through the struggles against adversaries, shining in glory as it conquers them. Meanwhile, as the righteous man is favored for his compassion and virtue, the wicked—consumed by jealousy and wrath—will see all their intentions thwarted (v.10).

Psalter with Commentaries (Cave Monastery in Kiew)

19th centuryCommentator

Haggai and Zechariah are not the authors of this psalm; rather, it is David who composed it. During their time, they had not yet emerged, but they later prophesied, guiding the people of Israel through this psalm. Their aim was to instill in their hearts a reverent fear of their Savior God and inspire them to live a life of godly virtues, continually praising Him with joy and heartfelt gratitude for their liberation from Babylonian captivity. This is why their names are mentioned above this psalm. As Haggai represents joy and Zechariah signifies the remembrance of God, every faithful individual who gains wisdom from this psalm should tirelessly remember the fear of God.

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They ought to sing with thankful joy the solemn praises of God for being rescued from the bondage of sinful Babylon, through the true Messiah, Christ the Lord, the Savior of all humanity. The fear of the Lord is the pathway to virtue and the rejection of wickedness; reverence for God is essential, for He is fervent in upholding His law. The Seed of Christ encompasses all the saints, who are strong in the land of the living. The generation of the righteous refers to those who fulfill the will of God.

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.