The Church Fathers on this verse

Psalm 120 (119):4Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

The sharp arrows of the mighty, with coals that lay waste.

Douay-Rheims · Hebrew numbering, Septuagint numbering in brackets.

חִצֵּ֣י גִבּ֣וֹר שְׁנוּנִ֑ים עִ֝֗ם גַּחֲלֵ֥י רְתָמִֽים׃

Hebrew (Masoretic text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

9 Church Fathers comment on this verse · 10 commentaries

John Chrysostom

4th centuryChurch Father

In this context, the term 'arrows' is used to signify punishments. Another commentator, Simmachus and Theodotion, interprets these arrows of the mighty as subtle, described as coals heaped together. Aquila refers to them as coals from juniper, employing these vivid imagery to amplify the dread associated with punishment. Both expressions, whether highlighting the gathering of coals or the specific type of coals, convey the same message: one emphasizes quantity while the other underscores the nature and severity of the retribution. The Septuagint conveys a similar sentiment, describing them as desolate coals that are devastating and exterminating. The Scriptures, in their depiction of God’s punitive actions, often use terms such as arrows and fire to refer to things that evoke terror.

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Additionally, I believe this can also pertain to outsiders, as indicated by another, unnamed translator who states, "Deliver my soul from the mouth of lying men." Their speech and actions are replete with deceit and malevolence, filled with falsehoods and all forms of wickedness.

Augustine of Hippo

5th centuryChurch Father

The Psalm we just heard and responded to is concise yet profoundly meaningful. You will not spend much time listening to it, nor will your efforts to understand it be in vain. The title indicates it is "A Song of Degrees," referring to steps that ascend. In the context of this Psalm, it speaks of an upward journey. There are those who are climbing and those who are descending this spiritual ladder, as noted in Genesis 28:12. Who are those ascending? They are individuals striving towards a deeper grasp of spiritual truths. And who are those descending?

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They are those who, though they possess a degree of spiritual understanding, still reach out to the naïve, offering foundational truths so that they, nurtured with the milk of the word, may grow strong enough to embrace solid spiritual nourishment.

When a person begins to contemplate their spiritual elevation, they will likely encounter adversity from critics. A person who has not faced such opposition has not advanced in their journey; those who cannot bear the criticism are not genuinely seeking improvement. If someone wishes to understand this fully, let them first experience the scorn directed at us. As they embark on their path of self-reform, yearning for spiritual ascent, they should learn to disdain worldly, temporary pleasures, regard earthly happiness as insignificant, and dedicate themselves solely to God—refraining from seeking gain and not grieving over loss, even willing to relinquish all they own for the sake of following Christ. Let them witness how they withstand the barbs of slanderers and the greater peril of misguided advisers who threaten their salvation.

He who is lifted high begins by praying to God against such tongues of opposition. As the Psalmist declares, “When I was in trouble, I called upon the Lord; and He heard me” (Psalm 118:1). Why did He respond? So He might elevate him on the path of ascension. The Psalmist cries, "Deliver my soul, O Lord, from unrighteous lips, and from an evil tongue" (Psalm 119:2). What constitutes a deceitful tongue? It mimics counsel but carries the venom of true malice. Such people may question, “Will you attempt what no man has done? Will you be the only follower of Christ?” Some are discouraged by rationalizations, while others falter under flattery. The power of Christ is so immense that even those outside the faith hesitate to accuse Him. While they cannot condemn Christ, they can read His teachings. They cannot deny the truth of the Gospel; instead, they may use false praise to distract. If you commend, do so encouragingly. Why dilute true encouragement with insincere flattery?

They may employ another excuse, aiming to divert me from genuine praise by insincere commendations of Christ, questioning, “What does this mean?” Such individuals may assert that one is unable to rise while attempting to do so, leading to a fall. It serves as a warning; it is a serpent with venom in its tongue. Pray against it if you wish to ascend. The Lord inquires, “What shall they give you, or what shall they offer you against the evil tongue?" (Psalm 119:3). What shall be provided—choices of weapons against deceitful speech to safeguard against them? It is a call to examine; for He will answer His own query. He provides an answer even to the piercing arrows of the Mighty One, with coals that bring desolation (Psalm 119:4). The terms ‘desolating’ or ‘devastating’ bear a similar essence—desolation often arises from destruction. What are these coals? First, dear friends, recognize what the sharp arrows are. The sharp arrows of the Mighty One signify the words of God.

What then are the coals that devastate? It is insufficient to merely plead with words against the deceptive tongue; we must also support our prayers with example. Thus, 'coals' symbolizes the testimonies of many sinners who transformed their lives before God. You hear exclamations of astonishment: “I knew that person—so given to drink, so treacherous, so captivated by entertainment—look how he now serves God, how innocent he appears!” Do not be surprised; he is a burning coal. You rejoice because he whom you once thought lost is alive. But in praising the living, if you know how to do so with integrity, let it extend also to the lost so that it might ignite their spirits. For those still slow to pursue God, consider them as smoldering coals, and take up the arrows of God’s word as well as the coals of His transformative power, to contend against the deceitful tongue and malicious lips.

"Oh, how my pilgrimage has become distant!" (Psalm 119:5). I have strayed far from Thee; my journey has become separated. I have yet to arrive at that realm where I will no longer dwell with any evildoer. I have not yet reached the heavenly assembly, where no fear of transgression exists. But why have I not yet arrived? Because this journey is a pilgrimage. An alien is one who resides in a foreign land and not his homeland. However, sometimes when traveling abroad, one may find better company than in his own land; yet, this is not true when one strays far from the Heavenly Jerusalem. A person may change their location and find beneficial companionship while traveling, but this is not the case for those who depart from the holy city, where all are virtuous.

When one departs from there, they exist among the wicked, and the only way to escape their influence is through returning to the company of angels—returning to where one began before their journey. In that place, all are righteous and holy, enjoying the word of God without the need for texts; for that which is inscribed for us in part is fully perceived there in the fullness of God. What a land it is! Truly a magnificent land, and miserable are those who stray from it.

“I have sojourned far away,” reflects the sentiments of the Church laboring here on earth. Her voice cries from the remotest regions, declaring, "From the ends of the earth I have cried unto Thee..." Where does she find herself in sorrow? She has resided among the tents of Kedar. If you are unfamiliar with the term, understand that Kedar translates to darkness. Abraham had two sons, as the Apostle indicates; they symbolize the two covenants. Ishmael represents darkness, while Isaac embodies light. Anyone seeking earthly pleasure within the Church of God aligns with Ishmael. These individuals oppose and scorn true spiritual advancement, possessing deceitful tongues and malignant mouths. Against such opposition, the Psalmist posed prayers and was armed with fiery coals and the swift, sharp arrows of the Almighty. Thus, he continues to dwell among them until the whole world is harvested; therefore, he states, “I dwelt among the tents of Kedar.” The dwellings of Ishmael are indeed called the tents of Kedar, as recorded in Genesis: Kedar belongs to Ishmael (Genesis 25:13). Those who are Isaac's children coexist with those of Ishmael (Galatians 4:29). Some aspire to ascend higher, while others attempt to pull them down; some wish to rise toward God, while others strive to clip their wings.

“Our souls have wandered greatly” (Psalm 119:6). To clarify, he speaks not of a physical journey but of a wandering of the soul. The body may wander through various locations, yet the soul strays in its affections. If one's heart clings to the earth, it withdraws from God; however, if one loves God, their spirit ascends toward Him. Let us nurture our love for God and our neighbor so that we may return to genuine charity. Should we forsake love, we wither and perish. Yet One descended to reach the fallen and help them rise again. Reflecting on his times of wandering, he spoke of dwelling among the tents of Kedar. Why? Because his soul has been in deliberation. It ascends not in body, but in spirit. Where does this ascent occur? He remarks that it takes place within the heart.

“I was at peace with those who hate the world” (Psalm 119:7). Yet, beloved brethren, no matter how often you hear this, you cannot confirm how wholeheartedly you truly sing unless you actively embody your song. Regardless of how often I repeat it or explain it, or whatever phrases I use to convey it, if it does not resonate within the heart, it will not take root. Step into action and witness the words come to life. Then, tears will flow with every phrase, the psalm will be sung, and the heart will express what the psalm conveys. Who, then, are those who despise the world? They are those who seek to uphold unity. For if they actually detest the world, they would live in harmony and would not separate themselves, so as not to mingle with the wicked. The words belong either to us or to them—decide which. The Catholic Church asserts, “We must not lose unity; the Church of God should not be divided.” God will ultimately judge both the righteous and the wicked.

Moreover, we proclaim, love the world, love Christ. If one loves the world, they truly love Christ. Thus, when we say, “Love the world,” we mean “Love Christ.” Why? The Apostle states, “He is our peace, who hath made both one” (Ephesians 2:14). If Christ brings peace and reconciles two into one, how can you, who have been made one through Him, divide into two? If Christ unites, then be peacemakers instead of creating discord. Though we advocate this, those who oppose the worldly ways may declare war against us, yet their efforts are futile.

Basil the Great

4th centuryChurch Father

The deft arrows of the Mighty One consist of apt expressions that penetrate the hearts of listeners, inflicting wounds upon their sensitive spirits. It is written, ‘The words of the wise are as the words of oxen’ (Ecclesiastes 12:11). Thus, the Psalmist, in his prayer for rescue from contemporary deceptive individuals, implores for ‘the subtle arrows of the Mighty One’ to heal ‘the tongue of the flatterer’. Furthermore, he requests ‘coals of desolation’, so that if the words fail to pierce those whose hearts have become hardened, there will exist a torment prepared for them, which he refers to as ‘coals of desolation’. For those who have turned away from God, the readiness of these desolate coals is essential.

Athanasius the Great

4th centuryChurch Father

What will be offered to you, and what will be added to your deceitful speech? What further requests do you make that can be granted to you? Or, what additional supplication do you present, that this might also come upon you to chastise the tongue of the deceiver? Fiery arrows are ignited by the Mighty One. This symbolizes the judgment that will soon come upon the Babylonians.

Jerome of Stridon

4th centuryChurch Father

The arrows of the mighty. The psalmist responds to the Lord's inquiry, 'What shall be given you, or what shall be added to you?' In his prayer, the psalmist articulates his request: 'Lord, I plead for this: the arrows of the mighty are sharp, ignited with consuming coals.' Consider his words. The venom of my speech and my slander can only be expelled by Your arrows that cleanse my tongue. It is inflamed with poison within; unless Your arrows pierce it, the toxicity cannot be expelled. To illustrate, envision an abscess in the body filled with decayed tissue and a malignant growth, containing pus. If it remains closed, the pus cannot escape; if it does, and without cauterization, it may return.

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The psalmist recognizes the condition of his tongue, which is inflamed and festering, filled with poison, and he implores You to pierce it with Your arrows, allowing the poison to be expelled. Then apply Your coal and fire to purge and eliminate every affliction. Notice his plea: 'The arrows of the mighty are sharp, ignited with coals that consume.' Oh, how we long for such a purging coal! Oh, how we might also exclaim, 'Did not our hearts burn within us while He spoke to us on the road, opening the Scriptures?' (Luke 24:32)! Isaiah referred to Babylon saying, 'You have coals of fire, and you shall sit upon them, and they will be your aid' (Isaiah 47:14-15). Before receiving the Holy Spirit, the apostles had their own afflictions in their speech. But the Holy Spirit descended as flames, resting like fire upon their tongues (cf. Acts 2:3), removing all impurities. Another example is found in Isaiah, who, when he beheld the Lord upon His high and exalted throne, lamented, 'Woe to me, for I am undone; I am a man of unclean lips, and I dwell among a people of unclean lips' (Isaiah 6:5). Observe his declaration: 'Woe to me, for I am a man of unclean lips.' Then what happened next? Because of his unclean mouth, one of the seraphim was sent to him with a burning coal from the altar, touching his lips and sanctifying them. He proclaimed, 'Behold, this has touched your lips, and your iniquity is taken away' (Isaiah 6:7). Immediately thereafter, the Lord asked, 'Whom shall I send, and who will go for us?' (Isaiah 6:8). Such profound mysteries in Scripture! When Isaiah acknowledged his unclean lips, the call to send him was not announced until after his lips were purified, at which point he was ready to proclaim the message. Thus, one who possesses unclean lips is unqualified to prophesy or to respond in obedience to God’s call. 'Suglias, devouring.' O, how we desire this purification as well, that every harmful word be removed from our tongues; that where thorns and thistles grow, the fire of God may come and consume all, rendering the wilderness transformed by Christ.

The purifying coal that cleanses the tongue from iniquity is indeed a word from God. Isaiah expresses this by stating, "You shall have coals of fire, you shall sit on them, these shall be your help" (Isaiah 47:14-15, LXX).

Theodoret of Cyrus

5th centuryChurch Father

In this passage, the grace of the Holy Spirit brings solace to those who are suffering, revealing the just verdict that awaits those who act deceitfully. The Prophet refers to God, the ultimate authority, as mighty, illustrating the rapidity of divine retribution through the metaphor of arrows swiftly shot forth. He evokes the imagery of arrows piercing the air, which underscores their promptness, while the burning coals symbolize the harshness of punishment that annihilates and lays waste to all it touches. This illustrates the inherent nature of fire, which consumes entirely.

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It is as though the Prophet encourages, saying, "Do not lose heart when assailed by an unjust word; the corrections imparted by the Just Judge resemble the swiftness of arrows and the destructive force of coals." Here again, the Holy Spirit's grace reassures the troubled and clarifies the genuine judgement awaiting those who betray trust.

Euthymios Zigabenos

11th centuryCommentator

The arrows of the mighty are subtle, accompanied by the coals of devastation. David speaks these words for the solace of those who seek deliverance from deceitful tongues. He advises them not to be troubled, as the arrows of the Almighty are effective against wicked and deceitful individuals. Alongside these arrows, there are also destructive and desolating coals, resulting in both striking and burning outcomes simultaneously. Through arrows and coals, he signifies various forms of punishment. The reference to the mighty may pertain to the devil, who preys upon the indolent and heedless. The subtle arrows, coupled with ruinous coals, refer to passionate thoughts instilled by the devil, which swiftly invade the soul, incinerate, and obliterate virtue, as noted by Gregory of Nyssa.

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This aligns with Paul’s description of the fiery darts of the wicked one (Eph. 6:16). Basil states that the subtle arrows of the mighty are sought for the healing of the flattering tongue, and he wishes for the kindling of the destructive coals, so that if anyone remains unmoved by the arrows of words due to a hardened heart, a swift punishment, referred to as devastating coals, is ready for them. Those who have distanced themselves from God and become desolate require the preparation of these dreadful coals. Theodoret encourages believers not to despair when struck by the arrow of a deceitful tongue since the punishments from the righteous Judge are at hand, functioning like the most piercing arrows and ruinous coals. Therefore, what else could you desire to be granted? What further addition do you seek after such a preparation from the strong against the evil? Another interpretation suggests coals from the juniper tree, as these coals possess a greater strength and remain unquenched for an extended period. The juniper resembles the cedar, and its leaves are akin to those of the cypress. The Monk Nikita associates the strong arrows with the four cardinal virtues: prudence, truth, courage, and chastity. The coals may initially refer to the body and blood of the Lord, which we partake in, along with fiery tears, passionate sighs of the heart, and prayers of atonement, through which the devil is wounded, rendered powerless, and silenced along with all evil thoughts.

Irenaeus (Klementjewsky)

18th centuryCommentator

He illustrates the nature of evil through a vivid comparison, describing the flattering tongue as a weapon whose words resemble distant arrows, striking suddenly and without warning. He emphasizes that these arrows are not ordinary; rather, they are the potent projectiles of a powerful force, crafted with skill and intensity, ultimately so heated that they have the capacity to incinerate and devastate, akin to the bolts of lightning wielded by a mighty hand, refined to a glowing state. Such are the perilous arrows of a deceitful tongue, particularly when employed by the adversary to claim the souls of those they target. The apostle refers to them as the flaming darts of the wicked one (Eph. 6:16).

Sergius Ternowski

19th centuryCommentator

The Psalm reveals that the Israelites seek the Lord for freedom from deceitful speech, from those who misled the people with hollow assurances. In response to these deceivers, He inquires, ‘What benefit is there in an unjust and flattering tongue? What do you hope to achieve with insincere words? The anger of God, which strikes like arrows from the mighty, shall penetrate you like the burning coals of the wilderness.’ The arrows of the fierce are also referenced by St. Apostle. It is noted that in ancient times, burning juniper was used on arrows, causing the burning needles to inflict wounds that would not heal. This imagery of desolation may refer to the juniper’s natural habitat in desert regions, or it may signify devastation.

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.