The Church Fathers on this verse

Psalm 123 (122):2Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

Behold as the eyes of servants are on the hands of their masters, As the eyes of the handmaid are on the hands of her mistress: so are our eyes unto the Lord our God, until he have mercy on us.

Douay-Rheims · Hebrew numbering, Septuagint numbering in brackets.

הִנֵּ֨ה כְעֵינֵ֪י עֲבָדִ֡ים אֶל־יַ֤ד אֲ‍ֽדוֹנֵיהֶ֗ם כְּעֵינֵ֣י שִׁפְחָה֮ אֶל־יַ֢ד גְּבִ֫רְתָּ֥הּ כֵּ֣ן עֵ֭ינֵינוּ אֶל־יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵ֑ינוּ עַ֝֗ד שֶׁיְּחָנֵּֽנוּ׃

Hebrew (Masoretic text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

10 Church Fathers comment on this verse · 11 commentaries

John Chrysostom

4th centuryChurch Father

Consider once more how their devotion has grown: they do not place their hope in God for merely a brief period, but instead commit themselves to it eternally and are firmly rooted in it. Hence, they draw a comparison to illustrate that they do not seek assistance or support from anyone else, just as a servant relies solely on their master for food, clothing, and all necessary provisions, constantly looking to them and waiting for sustenance. When they receive it, they remain perpetually grateful. In the same way, they desire to demonstrate their unwavering reliance on Him, recognizing that their only hope is in His continuous assistance, and that everything they possess comes from Him, which is why they refer to themselves as servants.

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Notice how those who previously showed disinterest and disdain when invited to draw near to God have, through their struggles, become greatly transformed; they no longer wish to turn away, but instead wait, serve, and plead with Him, ‘until He is satisfied with us.’ He did not state: as long as He will grant the reward, or: as long as He will create the reward, but rather, ‘until He fills us.’ Thus, continue to approach Him, even when you do not receive; if you do not obtain, do not lose heart, and you will undoubtedly receive. If even a harsh judge was moved to compassion by the persistent widow (Luke 18:5), how can you expect forgiveness if you so quickly turn away from God, feeling disheartened and weakened? Do you not observe how the maidens do not stray from their masters, allowing neither thought nor gaze to wander? In the same manner, dedicate yourself to God alone, relinquishing all else, and become one of His attentive listeners, and you will undoubtedly receive what you seek for your own benefit.

Augustine of Hippo

5th centuryChurch Father

Let this singer be exalted, and may every one of you share in his song, allowing each to embody this man; for when you collectively proclaim this, it becomes the voice of one, united in Christ. It is not merely said, "To You, O Lord, have we lifted up our eyes," but rather, "To You, O Lord, have I lifted up my eyes" (Psalm 121:1). You should indeed envision that each of you is speaking, yet in a unique manner, He who is present throughout all creation is also voicing this. What causes a Christian's heart to feel burdened? It is the longing of a pilgrim yearning for his true home. Even if your earthly life is prosperous, your heart still either groans or sighs because of this pilgrimage.

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Despite an abundance of worldly success, you feel deep within that happiness is fleeting, for the true joy you seek resides in Christ’s promise. This longing elevates you, enabling you to recite the Song of Ascents.

Where, then, are the ladders? For we perceive an immense chasm between heaven and earth, a vast distance between the realms. We desire to reach up there, yet see no means. Are we deceived by singing the Song of Ascents? We journey upwards to heaven when we contemplate God, who creates pathways for ascension in the heart. What does it entail to ascend in the heart? It means progressing towards God. Just as failure results in a fall rather than mere descent, so too does spiritual growth equate to elevation; yet one must rise without succumbing to pride. To avoid arrogance, one must lift their gaze towards Him who dwells in the heavens, being mindful of Him rather than oneself.

If, dear brethren, we restrict our understanding of heaven to the physical sky seen by our eyes, then we deceive ourselves into thinking that we cannot ascend without ladders or machines. However, if our ascent is one of love, then heaven embodies righteousness. What constitutes the heaven of God? It is the abode of all holy and righteous souls. Even the Apostles, in their earthly forms, represented heaven; for the Lord, residing within them, traversed the entirety of creation. Thus, He resides in heaven. How is this? For as long as they are a temple through faith, as long as Christ lives within them by that faith, as the Apostle says, "That Christ may dwell in your hearts through faith." Those who behold God face to face are truly in heaven—the Apostles, the holy Virtues and Powers, the celestial Jerusalem that we long for, and for which we pray. There, God resides, as the Psalmist expressed faith and love with an earnest hope; this very yearning cleanses the soul from sin and purifies it from all stain, transforming it into heaven itself by lifting its gaze to Him who inhabits heaven. If we designate that heaven visible to our physical eyes as the dwelling of God, we must acknowledge that such a dwelling will eventually diminish, for both heaven and earth shall pass away (Matthew 24:35). Therefore, prior to the creation of heaven and earth, where did God dwell? Some might ask, Where was He before creating the saints? God dwelt within Himself, eternally abiding in Himself. And when He takes residence in the saints, it is not as a physical house where His absence would cause a collapse. Our dwelling differs from God's dwelling among the saints; you reside in a house, and should it be taken away, you would cease to exist there. But God's presence in the saints is such that should He withdraw, they do not cease to exist.

What, then, is the significance of the phrase, "To You I lift up my eyes" (Psalm 121:2)? How have you raised your gaze? Just as the eyes of the servants look expectantly at the hands of their masters, and as a maiden looks to her mistress, so our eyes remain fixed upon the Lord our God until He shows us mercy. Both male and female serve; He is our Master and Mistress alike. What does this imply? The arrangement is quite ordinary if we consider ourselves servants directed by Him as our Master, but it becomes extraordinary when we regard ourselves as virgins with Him as our Mistress. Yet even our role as virgins is fitting, as we are the Church, and it is certainly fitting that He is our Mistress, as He embodies the Power and Wisdom of God.

Therefore, when you hear of Christ, lift your gaze to the hands of your Master; when you learn of the Power and Wisdom of God, turn your eyes to those of your Mistress, for you are both servant and handmaiden—the people and the Church. This handmaiden has attained great dignity with God; she has become united in a sacred union. Yet until the time she can enjoy the One she loves, free from fear amidst this arduous journey, she remains betrothed, receiving a profound pledge—His blood for whom she yearns unreservedly. It is not said to her, "You shall not love," as may be the case for a betrothed girl not yet wed. Indeed, it is said rightly, for to love that which is uncertain may be ill-advised and undisciplined, as she may be pledged to one man but eventually wed to another. Yet, in the case of Christ, as there is none to compare, let her love without fear; prior to her union, let her love deeply and yearn from the distance of her wandering.

For we are filled with contempt (Psalm 121:3). All those who desire to live righteously in Christ will face reproach (2 Timothy 3:12), scorned by those who cling to earthly existence. Those who claim happiness through what is visible ridicule the unseen faith of believers, taunting, “What do you believe, you fool?” Do you perceive the object of your faith? Did anyone return from the realm of the dead to tell of its conditions? "I enjoy what I see and have," they assert. You may face disdain because you hope for that which is yet unseen, while those with tangible possessions scorn you. Ponder whether they truly hold onto anything of substance. “I have a house,” a man might boast. But from whom did he inherit this house? "It belonged to my father." And where did he obtain it? “My grandfather.” Trace it back to great-grandparents, and he finds fewer names he could list each generation. Indeed, does it not fill you with dread to realize that many have occupied that very house, yet none have taken it with them into eternity? Your father left it; he passed through it; you too shall.

Given that your time in this house is transient, recognize it as an inn for travelers, not a permanent residence. Yet, our hope lies in what is yet to come, we sigh for that future joy, and even though it has not been revealed what we shall become, we know we are already children of God (1 John 3:2), for our lives are hidden with Christ in God (Colossians 3:3). Thus, we remain utterly scorned by those who seek or take pleasure in present-day happiness.

Our souls overflow with reproach—a scorn to the wealthy and contempt to the haughty (Psalm 121:4). We may inquire who the wealthy are; it is as the proud have elucidated. To condemn is to equate wealth with pride. Why are the proud wealthy? Because they seek fulfillment in this transient existence. But do they truly revel in their riches even when facing unhappiness? Perhaps they mock our ideals during times of strife, but their mockery is more palpable when they feel secure in their abundance, boasting of their wealth. Their arrogance breeds derision, as if to say, “Look at my well-being! I hold onto what my eyes perceive. Depart from me, those who promise treasures they cannot reveal. I am satisfied with what is before me.” Be bolstered in your conviction; for Christ has risen and demonstrates assuredly what awaits in the next life. This scoffer clings to their possessions, however fragile they may be. Endure their mockery, for in time you shall find joy in their sorrows; that day shall come when they will acknowledge, “I once derided them.”

Moreover, we face derision not only from those who thrive, but also from the afflicted who suffer transient setbacks. Was not the thief, crucified alongside our Lord, subjected to scorn (Luke 23:39)? Even those who seem impoverished can be considered wealthy in pride. Indeed, how do we measure their riches? Some might flaunt financial wealth, while others boast of their honors or their perceived righteousness, ultimately fostering pride far worse. Those who do not appear affluent in worldly possessions might deem themselves affluent in righteousness toward God; yet, when adversity strikes, they opt for rationalizing their plight and imploring, “What have I done to deserve this?” As you converse with them, urge them to reflect on their actions and to ponder their sins. Often, this will quiet their troubled conscience. Yet, in self-reflection, they might still resist acknowledging their deserving of their hardships, proclaiming, “I have done many good deeds, and look to others who have been far worse off.” Though they may appear righteous before God, their hearts are swollen with pride. They wish to usurp God's sovereignty over the world, seizing control of creation, distributing rewards and punishments among humanity. What a pitiful state! Why be astonished? They are wealthy, indeed, but only in wrongdoing and unrighteousness, especially in their self-perceived righteousness.

A faithful Christian should not embrace riches but recognize their own poverty. Should riches come your way, remember they are not true treasures but rather strife. What are the true riches of righteousness? Regardless of the righteousness within us, it pales in comparison to the abundance that we seek. Let us only aspire to be filled with the full fountain of righteousness. Let us strive for an abundance described in the Psalm: “They shall be filled with the abundance of Your house, and You shall give them to drink of the river of Your pleasures.” Yet, while we exist here, let us strive to acknowledge our spiritual poverty—not merely regarding false wealth but concerning salvation itself. Even in wholeness, we must remain cognizant of our weakness. The body experiences hunger and thirst; it grows weary from standing, walking, and existing, searching for respite yet finding only more weariness. Thus, perfect health remains elusive, even physically. These apparent riches are not wealth, for their increase only breeds deeper poverty. Therefore, let our cravings, our thirst, and our yearning be directed toward the genuine treasures, ultimate health, and true righteousness. What is true wealth? It is the eternal dwelling within heavenly Jerusalem. What is implied when one is hailed as rich on earth? When praises are sung of a wealthy man, it suggests he lacks nothing. Indeed, praise arises not from the acknowledgment of need, but rather from the abundance of true possessions. Examine closely whether he wholly lacks wants. If entirely free from need, he may still yearn for more than he possesses; thus, wealth harbors selfish cravings.

In that City, however, true wealth awaits, for there requirements will cease to exist; we shall want for nothing, and therein lies authentic health.

You are undoubtedly aware, dear brothers, that the Song of Ascents signifies our journey upward, which occurs not through physical movement but through the affections of the heart. We have reminded you of this repeatedly and will refrain from saying what has already been conveyed. The psalm you have just heard is titled ‘Song of Degrees.’ They sing as they ascend; at times they sing together as one, and at other times it feels as if there are many voices. This expresses the truth that while many are one, for Christ is one, the members of Christ are unified in Him, their Head, who reigns in heaven. Despite the earthly toil of the body, it remains connected to the Head, who gazes upon us from above. Acts 9:4. Thus, whether sung by one or many, for many are one in this unity, we affirm that Christ is the singular Head, and all believers are His body.

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Athanasius the Great

4th centuryChurch Father

The gaze of those who possess "the Spirit of slavery" is directed toward their earthly masters, living in apprehension (Rom. 8:15). Conversely, the eyes of the one who embodies “the Spirit of adoption” look toward the Lord God, recognizing their divine sonship (Rom. 8:15).

Theodoret of Cyrus

5th centuryChurch Father

Just as the gaze of a servant is fixed on the hand of their master and the eyes of a handmaiden are directed toward the hand of her mistress, so likewise do our eyes turn to the Lord our God. Servants look to their masters for the provisions they need to sustain their lives; similarly, we, O Lord, anticipate receiving from You the fulfillment of good things. However, in referencing the handmaiden, the Prophet indicates a deeper level of readiness; for handmaidens, being consistently present in the vicinity of their mistresses, tend to be more observant and eager for their affection. To Him who has graciously bestowed upon us, we do not confine our hope to a specific moment, but instead, we await the mercy that will be granted to us.

Euthymios Zigabenos

11th centuryCommentator

Consider this: just as a servant observes the hand of their master and a maid gazes toward their mistress, so we direct our gaze to the Lord our God, waiting for His healing. Through the actions of servants and maidservants, the Hebrews illustrate their constant reliance on God, expecting aid solely from Him, and they remain focused on Him until He extends His mercy. The phrase indicating divine generosity is in a form that suggests anticipation; however, its implication is for the future. Notably, Theodoret and others point out that the Jews employed this servant analogy to amplify the expression of love.

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Servants, being inherently weaker and positioned closely with their masters, incline their attention toward their hands more than slaves do, and they tend to have a deeper affection for their mistresses than slaves do for their masters. While a goldsmith conveys this idea as long as He grants us bounties, it's essential to understand that the focus is on divine mercy rather than mere rewards or recompense. Therefore, you too, beloved, should remain in a state of hopeful anticipation; do not waver whether you receive or not, but persist and embrace all that comes. Just as maidservants remain steadfast in their devotion to their mistresses, keep your focus solely on God, turning away from all else; be among His people, and you will undoubtedly receive whatever you seek in His favor.

Tichon of Zadonsk

18th centuryChurch Father

All people gaze upon the sun, yearning for its warmth, and instinctively reach out toward it. Similarly, the faithful direct their gaze toward God, seeking the comfort of His grace. "The eyes of all look to You, and You give them their food in due season; You open Your hand and satisfy the desire of every living thing" (Psalm 144:15-16). "Hear us, O God our Savior, the hope of all the ends of the earth and those far at sea" (Psalm 64:6). Raise your eyes, O Christian, to God so that you may feel the embrace of His mercy, and often cry out to the Prophet from the depths of your soul: "To You I lift up my eyes, O You who are enthroned in heaven!

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Behold, as the eyes of servants are fixed on the hands of their masters, as the eyes of a maid are on the hands of her mistress, so our eyes look to the Lord our God, until He shows us mercy" (Psalm 122:1-2).

Philaret of Moscow (Drosdow)

19th centuryChurch Father

God serves as our sanctuary and source of strength (Psalm 45:2). Frequently, we should direct our gaze toward Him who resides in the heavens—with hearts filled with reverence, faith, love, repentance, prayer, trust, and gratitude. ‘Behold, as the eyes of a servant look to the hand of their master, as the eyes of a maid look to the hand of her mistress, so our eyes look to the Lord our God, until He has mercy upon us’ (Psalm 122:2). Just as He has purified many, He will surely do the same for us, provided we take care to cleanse ourselves from all unrighteousness and impurities, from which He turns His pure gaze away. Amen.

Irenaeus (Klementjewsky)

18th centuryCommentator

The prophet articulates the reason for directing his gaze toward God, seeking divine attention to acknowledge his afflictions. He hopes that through this recognition, the Lord will show compassion and halt the ongoing retribution. This idea is illustrated through the analogy of servants who, while enduring punishment from their masters, sorrowfully observe their hands, simultaneously pleading for mercy and an end to their suffering.

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The Hebrew text renders this sentiment more vividly: "As the eyes of a servant look to the hands of his masters, as the eyes of a maid to the hands of her mistress; so our eyes wait upon the Lord our God, until He has mercy upon us." In this analogy, the prophet highlights not just male servants but also maidservants, perhaps to signify that both men and women endure hardships on their journey to their homeland, or to illustrate that noble men are true husbands, whereas those who lack strength may be more aptly described as wives. Both groups experience trials and wounds throughout their journey. The afflictions we face, as part of our divine discipline, encompass not just blatant adversities but also the hidden struggles that continually burden the soul, including fears, uncertainties, illnesses, and the grief we all endure in this life. Consequently, the prophet emphasizes the necessity of raising our eyes to God not just at specific moments but consistently, until He brings us to healing. This ultimate restoration will occur only when we arrive in our true homeland, where God will graciously bestow upon us His mercy and generosity, healing all our weaknesses and fulfilling our good desires, as stated in Psalm 102.

Ireneus (Orda)

19th centuryCommentator

This psalm embodies Israel's confident supplication to the Sovereign Lord. Aware of their complete reliance on Him, the people gaze intently upon the Lord, demonstrating a deep longing that reflects their dependence. They will not divert their imploring eyes from Him until they yield to His compassion, as expressed in verse 2, awaiting His response to their anguish with the plea, ‘Enough! Have mercy, O Lord, for we have faced enough suffering; let the scorn we have endured be shifted to our arrogant and indulgent oppressors’ (vv. 3, 4). This posture speaks to the captives' prayerful hearts, having been humbled by their trials, as they earnestly reestablish their connection with the Lord.

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Some interpret this psalm as a reflection of the experiences of those who returned from captivity, particularly in light of the struggles they faced with the Samaritans (cf. Nehemiah 4:4). A Christian can appeal in this manner during times of need. Just as servants look to their masters for everything, we turn to You with faith and petition, anticipating Your divine assistance. The phrase regarding the chastisement stands alone from the preceding thought and requires the addition of ‘let there be chastisement’ for clarity. The structure in our Slavonic rendering aligns closely with the Hebrew, stating: ‘Our soul is more than filled with reproach from the arrogant and humiliation from the haughty.’

Psalter with Commentaries (Cave Monastery in Kiew)

19th centuryCommentator

Servants depend on their masters for sustenance, and similarly, a person striving for Christ, with a contrite heart, seeks mercy from Him. The human spirit is in servitude, with Christ’s grace being its guiding light, which the devout receive through heartfelt prayer. The Theotokos, the Mother of God, embodies the divine presence and our maternal figure. We, as children of Light, are united with her through the communion of Christ’s Body and Blood, as the Lord received His spirit, soul, and body from the Virgin. She reigns as the Queen of both heaven and earth, having been granted pardon for her soul and body. The apostles and martyrs, for the sake of Christ, faced much persecution from wealthy and arrogant oppressors.

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The Church, drawing from the words of David, created a penitential hymn: “Have mercy on us, Lord, have mercy on us; every response is bewildering…” A faithful individual, particularly one longing for a righteous life, may encounter many trials from the wicked and proud spirits (2 Tim. 3:12). The prophetic figure, having gained liberation from deadly adversities inflicted by cruel enemies intent on his destruction and that of his people, attributes his deliverance to the might and grace of Almighty God, offering praise. The voice of the Holy Church, too, finds refuge from dire circumstances through the strength of Christ the Lord.

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.