The Church Fathers on this verse

Psalm 134 (133):1Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

A gradual canticle. Behold now bless ye the Lord, all ye servants of the Lord: Who stand in the house of the Lord, in the courts of the house of our God.

Douay-Rheims · Hebrew numbering, Septuagint numbering in brackets.

שִׁ֗יר הַֽמַּ֫עֲל֥וֹת הִנֵּ֤ה ׀ בָּרֲכ֣וּ אֶת־יְ֭הוָה כָּל־עַבְדֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה הָעֹמְדִ֥ים בְּבֵית־יְ֝הוָ֗ה בַּלֵּילֽוֹת׃

Hebrew (Masoretic text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

10 Church Fathers comment on this verse · 11 commentaries

John Chrysostom

4th centuryChurch Father

In this passage, the prophet concludes the Songs of Degrees with a moving affirmation of praise and blessing. He expresses a desire for the servants of the Lord to embody their faith not only spiritually but also in their daily conduct. Thus, he emphasizes the importance of 'standing in the temple of the Lord, in the courts of the house of our God.' It is made clear that those who are impure and defiled are not permitted to enter this sacred space. Therefore, only those deemed worthy may truly bless. The house of God resembles heaven; just as no opposing force can enter there, so too is it in God's dwelling. Contemplate, dear believer, the honor bestowed upon you, for you have become a temple of God, and with that comes a call to maintain profound purity. How can one achieve this purity?

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By rejecting every wicked thought, by safeguarding your mind against diabolical influences, and by continually adorning your soul as an inviolable sanctuary.

In the Jewish temple, not every area was open to all; there were distinct sections designated for proselytes, native Jews, priests, and even the high priest, who entered the holy of holies only once a year. Consider the level of holiness demanded of you, who are blessed with far greater tokens than those present in the holy of holies. It is not mere cherubim that dwell within you, but the Lord of cherubim Himself; you do not receive only manna, stone tablets, or Aaron's rod, but the very body and blood of Christ, the Spirit in place of the written law, unparalleled grace, and an indescribable gift. The more significant the tokens you are entrusted with, the greater the holiness required of you, and the more severe the consequences if you fail to uphold what has been commanded.

Augustine of Hippo

5th centuryChurch Father

Consider the call to bless the Lord, all His servants, who stand in the house of the Lord, in the courts of our God. The mention of 'courts' signifies the spacious areas of His dwelling. To stand in the courts implies a sense of openness rather than confinement, allowing for a broadened perspective that enables one to love even their enemies, for in this expanded space, one is not limited by the constraints the enemy might impose. To truly exercise judgment, engage in acts of charity, as standing in charity allows for freedom, whereas hatred breeds strictness.

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Lift up your hands in the night at the sanctuary and bless the Lord. It is easy to bless during the day, which represents times of prosperity. The night often brings sorrow, while the day is full of joy. When one is in good health, praising the Lord comes easily. Consider the moments of distress, such as when a child is ill. In seeking answers, you may turn to sources outside of faith; however, remember that your actions speak louder than your words. Do not take pride in your verbal blessings while your life may reflect otherwise. Therefore, bless the Lord even in the night, when it feels most challenging. Remember Job, who blessed the Lord amidst his darkest hours, having lost everything important to him, yet he proclaimed: "The Lord gave, and the Lord has taken away; blessed be the name of the Lord."

May the Lord from Zion, who created heaven and earth, grant you His blessing. He calls upon many to bless and yet uniquely blesses one, illustrating that He unites many into one, for it is indeed good and pleasant for brethren to dwell together in unity. Though 'brethren' is a plural term, it carries a singular essence when coming together as one. Let no one think themselves excluded from this promise. The Lord blesses from Zion, and when you strive for oneness among fellow believers, that blessing will flow to you.

Athanasius the Great

4th centuryChurch Father

Song of Degrees Look now, and sing praises to the Lord, all you servants of the Lord. The fifteenth song urges those honored within the Church to worship God. And as for those who have not yet received the gift of sonship, he refers to them as servants.

Jerome of Stridon

4th centuryChurch Father

The concluding psalm of the Song of Ascents begins with a sentiment encapsulated in the words: "To the Lord, when I mourned, I cried, and He heard me" (Psalm 119:1). The next psalm elevates the theme: "I lifted up my eyes to the mountains" (Psalm 120:1). In the progression, the psalmist exclaims, "I rejoiced in what He said to me" (Psalm 121:1). Continuing, he states, "To Thee have I lifted up my eyes, O Thou who dwellest in heaven" (Psalm 122:1). Observe how the psalmist ascends from one step to another, ultimately inviting us to consider the significance of each psalm within this collection. Upon reaching the thirteenth, and even the twelfth psalm, he emphasizes humility after having explored various virtues. Our virtues are truly unworthy without the humility exemplified by the Lord.

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Thus, the psalmist utters, "O Lord, my heart is not lifted up, nor my eyes exalted" (Psalm 130:1). Consequently, motivated by his call for humility, he yearns for the arrival of Christ. He implores: "Remember, O Lord, David and all his meekness" (Psalm 131:1). Further, he petitions, "For David's sake, Thy servant, turn not away Thy Christ's face" (Psalm 131:10). By receiving Christ in faith, he unites the Church, saying, "Behold, how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together" (Psalm 132:1). In light of this gathered fellowship, what does the final psalm declare? "Now bless the Lord, all the servants of the Lord." This call to bless is prompted by the goodness and joy found in brotherly unity, post the coming of Christ, as you assemble in Him. Therefore, in the last psalm of the ascents, you are gathered at the pinnacle of virtues. Until you reach the fifteenth degree, representing exaltation, the blessing of the Lord is unfulfilled. Therefore, I now urge you all: "Now bless the Lord." The term "behold" signifies a pointed acknowledgment. Who are to do this? All the servants of the Lord—these are not the servants of sin, but of the Lord Himself. Do we not recognize the greatness in declaring, "I am a servant of the Lord"? Achieving this status is the apex of virtue. Just as one who states, "I am the servant of the emperor" acquires a form of distinction, so too does the Lord's servant occupy a position of great honor. The apostle illustrates this in his letters, introducing himself as: "Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ." God speaks of Moses: "And not as Moses my servant, with whom I speak face to face" (Numbers 12:7-8). The Almighty distinguishes His communication with Moses, stating that while He speaks through visions to others, with Moses, He has direct dialogue. Consider this scenario: If a wealthy gentleman has a family and many servants, would the hope of the servants working at a distance hold the same weight as those who serve him directly every day? The latter enjoy a more advantageous position, serving not on the sidelines but in direct service. Those who do not gaze upon their master's face often rely on their peers for needs, highlighting a disparity in relationship. Our Lord Jesus Christ, too, has an extensive family; some serve in His presence, while others linger on the edges. It can be suggested that monks and virgins serve the Lord's countenance, while laypersons work in the peripheries. Those in the fields, who require something, call upon those who are closer to the Master. Therefore, consider the accountability of those who stand daily before their Lord's face—such proximity carries greater expectation. Neglect in service brings about its own consequence. Bad servants tend to harbor trepidation toward their master precisely because they do not see him. Yet, should they become overly familiar, they might develop irreverence. Thus, we must not take for granted the grace of our Lord due to our nearness. I implore you all, bless the Lord, servants of the Lord—servants of righteousness, not of sin. All of you who adhere to Christ are servants of the Lord. In the realm of these servants, there exists no reign of anger, lust, or sin. Those who yield to their desires are in opposition to Christ. The psalmist seems to reflect this, yet it is crucial to note that simply being a servant of the Lord is insufficient if the servants do not stand firm. Some may stand, others may falter or recline. Those who sit or lie down cannot render praise to the Lord; it is those who stand who may. An objection may arise: “Others are standing—numerous churches and congregations.” But do heretics—like Arians or Eunomians, who claim Christ—truly stand? Hence, they lack the right to offer praises. Reflect on the scripture: “Standing in the house of the Lord.” As the apostle indicates, “until I come, you may know how to set up the house of God, which is the Church” (1 Timothy 3:15). The Church is not merely physical structures but exists in doctrinal integrity and true faith. Notably, many traditional parishes have succumbed to heretical doctrines within a few years. The genuine Church resides where faith is authentic. Therefore, bless the Lord, you servants of the Lord. “Unspeakable is the praise that is in the mouth of a sinner” (Sirach 15:9). Thus, it is imperative to bless the Lord: dedicated servants must stand firm. "Standing." "Set my feet upon a rock" (Psalm 39:3). To Moses, God said, "Thou shalt stand here with Me" (Deuteronomy 5:31). "God stood up in the hosts of gods" (Psalm 81:1). This standing occurs not just anywhere, but specifically within the house of the Lord: "In the courts of the house of our God."

Theodoret of Cyrus

5th centuryChurch Father

A song of ascents. This psalm is appropriate for those who have returned from Babylon, providing guidance for all the faithful to offer praises to God both day and night. Let all the servants of the Lord bless Him now. Not everyone is able to sing, but those who truly cherish God’s authority and hold His service in high regard can. It is typical for those afflicted by the burdens of sin to weep, mourn, and seek God's mercy. Standing in the sanctuary of the Lord, within the courts of our God’s dwelling place. The Prophet, after encouraging the singing of hymns to God, illustrates the manner in which to do so; as prescribed by the Apostle Paul (1 Tim. 2:8), holy hands are to be lifted constantly, yet above all, true worship should be presented in sacred spaces. A song of ascents.

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This psalm is appropriate for those who have returned from Babylon, providing counsel for all the faithful to sing hymns to God both day and night. Let all the servants of the Lord bless Him now. Not everyone is able to sing, but those who truly cherish God’s authority and hold His service in high regard can. It is typical for those afflicted by the burdens of sin to weep, mourn, and seek God's mercy. Standing in the sanctuary of the Lord, within the courts of our God’s dwelling place. The Prophet, after encouraging the singing of hymns to God, illustrates the manner in which to do so; as prescribed by the Apostle Paul (1 Tim. 2:8), holy hands are to be lifted constantly, yet above all, true worship should be presented in sacred spaces.

Euthymios Zigabenos

11th centuryCommentator

Song of Ascents. Let all of the Lord’s servants praise Him. With this psalm, David concludes the collection of ascending songs with gratitude towards God. Through this ascent, he instructs individuals to thank God not just for freeing them from bondage, for guiding them safely away from numerous adversarial nations, and for bringing them to their homeland of Jerusalem, but also for shielding them from conflicts with neighboring nations and empowering them to construct both the temple and the city, granting them the privilege of being free residents there and the rights of citizenship in peace. He urges, give thanks, you who serve God. The servant of God is one who submits and obeys God’s commandments, serving Him through virtuous actions.

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According to Eusebius, the assembly of Christ’s Church is not made up solely of the anointed but also includes those yet to receive anointing; therefore, it is fitting to distinguish the lesser from the greater, as if to say that those still in the phase of initial teaching stand in the outer courts, referred to as servants, having not yet been granted the Spirit of adoption. They stand, he states, in the outer areas and not within the inner sanctum, where the anointed have entered; hence, they are described as residing in the night, lacking the illumination of the Holy Spirit. The phrase, “Now this day,” signifies that one should not delay in honoring God. The outcome of a righteous life is to proclaim the goodness of God and to extol His greatness with which we are familiar; who can declare anything that equals His honor? Yet, we are called to express something, and not to remain silent or indifferent regarding His grace. Theodoret notes that not everyone is inclined to praise, but only those who cherish God’s sovereignty and highly regard His service; those burdened by sin ought to weep and implore God for forgiveness. Moreover, the servants of the Lord refer not only to those who teach but also to those who live righteously. Standing within the Lord’s temple, in the courts of our God’s house, let him say give thanks and glorify God, you who stand in His temple and enter therein; commencing at this moment, in which it has been completed, gleaming with divine service. Chrysostom states that those who are unclean and impure are not allowed access to the sacred spaces; thus, only the worthy may bless, for the house of God is akin to heaven, where no opposing forces may enter, and likewise, no unworthy beings may enter into the house of God.

Philaret of Moscow (Drosdow)

19th centuryChurch Father

It is appropriate that this renewed sanctuary be celebrated with the words of the Psalmist: “Now bless the Lord, all you servants of the Lord, who stand in the house of the Lord, in the courts of the house of our God” (Psalm 133:1). Indeed, at all times and in every place, God deserves our praise and honor. If the inanimate heavens proclaim the majesty of God (Psalm 18:2), and if “every breath praises the Lord” (Psalm 150:6), how much more should we, the rational beings created in His image, do so? Is it not a newly bestowed grace from God for the community of this sacred temple that the challenging and meticulous task of constructing this holy place has been successfully completed? This majestic temple has been consecrated and, as a result, it now experiences a fresh outpouring, visitation, and indwelling of divine grace. What God promised to the temple of the Old Covenant, which contained only “the shadow of the good things to come” (Hebrews 10:1), He will certainly fulfill in the temple of the New Covenant, which embodies the very blessings foretold. “My eyes shall be there,” He declared, “and my heart will be there all the days” (1 Samuel 9:3). Therefore, “now” let all servants of the Lord bless Him in His temple.

As the recipients of new blessings often remember the previous kindnesses of their benefactor, so let us also give thanks to the Lord, who has granted us existence, life, His divine image, and the paradise of the Church. Let us praise Him for not allowing His Church to be completely destroyed by the sins of our ancestors but, through the promise of the Savior, restoring it forever and calling back sinful humanity to it through repentance. In times of ignorance, He did not leave Himself without witness but showcased His goodness and power through providential acts and miracles. His judgments restrained the paths of the wicked, while the lives of His saints and the messages of His prophets illuminated the path to salvation. Through the sacrifices and priesthood of the Old Covenant leading to the singular sacrifice of the New Covenant, the priesthood of Christ, and the Church, salvation has been foreshadowed, shining the light of faith upon all times. Let us glorify God the Father for sending His only begotten Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, into the world for our salvation, establishing Him as the cornerstone of His Church, assuring us that “the gates of hell shall not prevail against it” (Matthew 16:18). “To Him be glory in the Church, in Christ Jesus, throughout all generations, forever and ever” (Ephesians 3:21).

Let us exalt Him for pouring out His Holy Spirit upon the Apostles and the entire Church, filling the sacraments of the Church with His grace. To ensure that the grace of the sacraments is properly safeguarded as befits the sacred name and purpose of the sacrament, He has provided us with and consecrated His gracious temple—this sanctuary of sacraments, treasury of grace, altar of the body of Christ, house of prayer, school of divine knowledge and devotion, source of sanctification, refuge for the distressed, healer for the sick, comfort for mourners, abode of spiritual joy, and a foretaste of heavenly glory.

As we graciously accept the multitude of blessings presented to us through the consecration of the temple, we must consider earnestly how to truly utilize the grace of this holy temple to ensure that our efforts in its construction bear fruit, and that the divine gift of consecration is not lost to us. How should we engage with the holy temple? To partake in the temple's salvific power, it is essential to visit it properly, especially to participate in its most significant sacramental offering—the communion of the Body and Blood of Christ—and to strive to live in a manner worthy of the temple's sanctity beyond its walls.

Visiting the holy temple of God is necessary. When someone builds a house, it is for the purpose of residing in it; otherwise, what is the point of building it? Likewise, a temple is built for the purpose of coming together and receiving its sanctification; otherwise, what purpose does it serve? We must make it a point to visit the temple diligently. While the temple intercedes for all the faithful, it especially pertains to those who enter it with faith, reverence, and awe. If we neglect to visit the temple, is it not reasonable for it to forget us in turn? Approach the temple of God with utmost reverence. If, when entering the home of an earthly king, one is filled with respect and concern for the dignity of that place, how much more should we enter the house of the King of Heaven with reverence! If you would stand with fear in the presence of an earthly king, how wary should you be in the house of God, where the Omnipresent is always with us, and where the All-Seeing observes us constantly!

Attend to the temple of God attentively. Within its walls, you hear prayers, the Word of God, hymns, and teachings. These are beautifully presented to you through no effort of your own; however, you must be prepared to listen. “Take heed how you hear” (Luke 8:18), warns the Lord Himself. When you hear prayers in the Church, strive to listen not only with your ears but with your heart as well, making the prayers of the Church your own. When hearing the Word of God, bow down before it not only physically but spiritually. The Word is the seed of spiritual fruit—cultivate it deeply within your heart to nurture it and yield fruits for God. The Word of God is the dew from heaven; open your soul to it as the thirsty ground. “The Word of God is living and active” (Hebrews 4:12); do not obstruct its life-giving work in you by allowing disordered thoughts and passions to distract you. When you hear the Church’s hymns, join in singing if you can, but above all, as the Apostle instructs, “sing and make melody in your heart to the Lord” (Ephesians 5:19).

When you receive teaching in the Church, endeavor to grasp and preserve it, applying it for your benefit and that of others. Do not indulge the lazy notion that “we are simple folk”; indeed, the Apostle calls those who are simple to remain so in innocence: “Be not children in understanding; however, in malice be infants, but in understanding be mature” (1 Corinthians 14:20). It is vital to visit God’s temple with faith. Only faith is promised the fulfillment of every prayer: “All things whatsoever you ask in prayer, believing, you shall receive” (Matthew 21:22). It is through faith that the living Word of God is actively embraced; it is faith that makes the teachings effective and fruitful. Thus, we read about those who heard the Word of God and the prophet Moses at Sinai: “The word of hearing did not benefit them, because it was not united with faith in those who heard it” (Hebrews 4:2). Only faith can seize the grace embedded in the sacraments, which is why the invitation calls us to approach the great sacrament of faith: “With fear of God and faith, enter in.”

We must visit the Church of God with unwavering faithfulness. Once, the Prophet Elijah asked the Israelites, “How long will you waver between two opinions?” (1 Kings 18:21). He rebuked them for offering sacrifices to Baal while not fully abandoning the true God. Among you, New Israel, are there not those who are indecisive? Though they follow the right path the Church offers, they allow misguided influences and selfish desires to sway them away from their commitment, pursuing various teachings that stray from the Gospel (Hebrews 13:9), holding tightly to the consecrated traditions of the Church while also flirting with misguided and profane assemblies, or seeking hidden treasures without understanding what they seek—where, as the Apostle wisely points out, “the mystery of lawlessness is hidden” (2 Thessalonians 2:7)? Are they not subject to the reproach of Eli: “How long will you waver between two opinions?” (1 Kings 18:21). A person who is unsteady in their commitments is ineffective in their journey. “A double-minded man is unstable in all his ways” (James 1:8). Righteous footsteps do not lead to God in such vacillation.

If you wish to attain unshakeable sanctification through the holy temple and ascend the glorious Church in Heaven along the ladder of grace found on Earth, then hold fast to the Church with sincerity, consistency, and steadfastness of thought, undistracted by doubts. “Hold fast the confession of your hope without wavering” (Hebrews 10:23), and do not forsake your assembly, which means the Apostolic Church (Hebrews 10:25). To use the holy temple salvifically, it is especially vital not to deprive ourselves of participating in its most essential treasure—the Eucharist.

Reflect on the purpose of the temple. Is it for prayer? Yes, it is “a house of prayer” (Luke 19:46), as the Lord stated. But prayer can also occur in simple homes and open spaces. Is it for edification in the Word of God? That is true, but this can also happen outside the temple. Is it for administering sacraments? Certainly, but some sacraments can occur outside of the temple. For example, baptism was performed in the river by the holy Apostle Philip, not in the temple. What is the temple truly for? Why is its very design especially suited for specific purposes, such as reading, singing, praying, and the inner sanctuary reserved for the initiated? Why is the center of the sanctuary, to which all sanctifying power is directed, represented by the image of a meal if not for the administration of the sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ? It is perplexing—and indeed, distressing—that this essential aspect of the temple remains underutilized by its members. The Lord states, “Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood dwells in me, and I in them” (John 6:56). What could be more desirable than to abide in the Lord and to have Him dwell within you? If this is your desire, why do some neglect to partake in the Body and Blood of the Lord for prolonged periods, even hesitating despite invitations to partake? The Lord assures us, “Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood has eternal life” (John 6:54). If you yearn for eternal life, do not forsake the means that the Lord has established for obtaining it; do not neglect, at the appropriate times and with a purified conscience, to receive this holy sacrament.

Disregard those who claim a Christian can thrive without this sacred gift or who propose alternative paths to sanctification. “Heaven and earth will pass away, but my words will never pass away” (Mark 13:31), declares the Lord. Who dares to change the immutable word of God? Can one replace divine establishment with human reasoning? Some become complacent with infrequent communion with Christ in the sacrament, telling themselves they will fulfill this bond at death when they will unite with Him once for all. Oh Lord! Grant each of us this vital blessing during our lifetime, through this saving instruction that anticipates your imminent death and glorious resurrection. However, how can we be sure, dear brethren, that when our time to die arrives, we will have the opportunity and know how to utilize it, especially if we have squandered the time we have in life? “Death will not wait for you,” warns the Wise One, “nor will the covenant of death be revealed to you” (Ecclesiasticus 14:12). You cannot command death to delay. Hell will not negotiate with you regarding its timing. While you can freely enjoy life, partake of the bread of life, and take care to avoid becoming prey to death and its infernal consequences.

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Irenaeus (Klementjewsky)

18th centuryCommentator

This psalm concludes the collection of songs for the ascent. In this passage, the Prophet encourages the people of Israel, who have safely returned to their homeland, to engage in continual worship of the Lord.

“Behold, now bless the Lord, all the servants of the Lord, who stand in the temple of the Lord, in the courts of the house of our God.” The use of "behold" serves as a reminder of their sacred duty, indicating that the mere sight of the temple should inspire them to acts of devotion. It is as if he is saying, “You who, by God's grace, have been fully liberated from bondage, put forth all your efforts in glorifying the Lord. There is no other way to serve Him than through thanksgiving and praise.

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You, servants of the Lord, who now possess a true home rather than being mere sojourners, already standing at the very entrance of God's house, where you behold not only the outward glory of the temple but also the inward beauty of the holy place where God is present, continually bless, praise, and honor your Lord.”

Ireneus (Orda)

19th centuryCommentator

This psalm marks the concluding piece of the Songs of Ascents, urging the priests and Levites to persist in their prayers and praises to the Lord within the sanctuary (vv. 1-2) and offering mutual blessings from the Levites (v. 3). Some scholars believe that the first two verses depict the Levites addressing their fellow Levites who are on duty, while verse 3 conveys a blessing from them. Conversely, others interpret the initial verses as directed toward the priests who are welcoming worshippers entering the temple courtyard, particularly during major feasts when individual sacrifices could be offered throughout the night, with verse 3 serving as a blessing from the priests to the attendees. Lift up - lift up.

Psalter with Commentaries (Cave Monastery in Kiew)

19th centuryCommentator

In this psalm of ascent, the prophet encourages all those who, through the grace of Christ the Lord, have reached these levels of virtue to seek wisdom not on the earth but in heavenly places, continually offering praises and gratitude to God. They are to emulate those who reside in the heavenly abode, glorifying Him for eternity (Psalm 83:5). The servants of the Lord draw every thought into the obedience of Christ (2 Cor. 10:5). He who resides in the temple of the Lord remains steadfast in the bonds of devout faith. Not everyone can exalt the Lord with songs, but only those who have cherished His sovereign rule. The servants of the Lord are identified not merely through their religious affiliation but primarily through their lifestyle.

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It is inappropriate for the unclean and impure to enter the sacred precincts, for the House of God serves as a reflection of heaven on earth; just as no opposing force may enter heaven, so too is it barred from the House of God. You have been bestowed with a tremendous honor: you have become a temple of the Lord. What great purity must you maintain! Banish all wicked thoughts, for the Lord Himself resides within you. You partake of the body and blood of Jesus Christ, a spiritual gift that transcends human comprehension. Consequently, the more you are elevated with divine signs and profound sacraments, the greater the holiness required of you (Chrysostom, Theodoret). In the night, the laying on of hands serves as a source of spiritual assistance, ensuring that what is performed by the right hand is not lost (Matthew 6:3). The prophet advises prayer during the night since the period of silence is most favorable for such communication. The night represents troubles and tribulations, during which the faithful offer thanks to God, much like the righteous Job. Additionally, the night symbolizes sin, which can be addressed through acts of light and by aiding those who struggle in sorrow and despair. In our nighttime prayers, we should recall our gratitude towards God and reflect upon the night of Christ’s pure Passion, as well as this redemptive night, when the Light from the tomb will awaken all (Theodoret, Jerome). Zion embodies both the earthly Church and the heavenly Jerusalem, founded by Christ the Lord, Creator of heaven and earth.

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.