The Church Fathers on this verse

Psalm 139 (138):2Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

Thou hast known my sitting down, and my rising up.

Douay-Rheims · Hebrew numbering, Septuagint numbering in brackets.

אַתָּ֣ה יָ֭דַעְתָּ שִׁבְתִּ֣י וְקוּמִ֑י בַּ֥נְתָּה לְ֝רֵעִ֗י מֵרָחֽוֹק׃

Hebrew (Masoretic text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

7 Church Fathers comment on this verse

John Chrysostom

4th centuryChurch Father

He states, “Thou hast from afar perceived my thoughts,” indicating that God’s awareness does not arise from testing nor does He require such means to gain knowledge; rather, He knows all through His omniscient foresight. The One who discerns the intentions of the heart has no requirement for being tested through actions. Furthermore, God is aware not only of the thoughts that manifest in our hearts, but He knows them even before they arise, and indeed, well before they come into being. To emphasize this, the prophet remarked, “Thou hast perceived my thoughts from afar.” Yet, if God already understands these thoughts, why then does He employ the method of testing through deeds? It is not for His own understanding, but to cultivate discernment and experience in those who are tested.

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Thus, He recognized Job prior to his trials, affirming his character by declaring him “a man of integrity, just, God-fearing” (Job 2:3), yet He also employed the test to strengthen him, reveal the schemes of the adversary, and inspire others by Job's witness.

Is it surprising that God applied this to Job when He does likewise with the unrepentant? He knew fully well that the Ninevites were not destined for destruction, but would find renewal through repentance; still, He presented them with the challenge of actual deeds. Time and again, He demonstrates His providential care and compassion, going beyond mere knowledge. This is why the Only Begotten declared, “If I do not do the works of My Father, do not believe Me; but if I do, even if you do not believe Me, believe the works” (John 10:37, 38). Many, with hardened hearts and insensitivity, assert things such as: “God favored one person over another, and thus made one righteous and another wicked.” To correct the misunderstandings of such individuals, God convinces them through His acts, providing tangible evidence. He publicly acknowledges individuals as righteous before they undergo experience, allowing them to grasp the depth of His foreknowledge. In contrast, He also authenticates their righteousness through deeds, preventing the foolish from claiming that one person’s character was merely predicted. Paul articulates this when he notes, “when they were not yet born, and had done nothing good or evil (that the purpose of God in election might not depend on works, but on Him who calls), it was said unto her, The elder shall serve the younger” (Rom. 9:11, 12). God does not require the completion of works to know in advance who will choose righteousness and who will not.

Augustine of Hippo

5th centuryChurch Father

Our Lord Jesus Christ is present in the words of the Prophets, sometimes speaking in His own voice and at other times voicing our struggles, for He unites Himself with us, as it is written, "the two shall become one flesh." This is why, in the Gospel, the Lord refers to marriage by declaring that they are no longer two but one flesh. He took on our mortal form, uniting with our humanity, yet He remains the Creator while we are the created. Therefore, whatever our Lord communicates through the flesh He embraced pertains to both the exalted Head in heaven and the members still journeying through their earthly trials. Let us attentively listen as our Lord Jesus Christ expresses Himself in the prophecies. The Psalms were sung well before the Lord was born of Mary; however, He was not made Lord only then, for He has been the Creator from eternity, but temporarily took on the form of His own creation. Let us place our faith in this Divine nature, striving to comprehend Him as equal to the Father. This Godhead, equal to the Father, shared in our mortal existence through our humanity so that we might partake of His Divine essence, also drawing from His nature.

"O Lord, you have searched me and known me" (Psalm 138:1). Let this be proclaimed directly by our Lord Jesus Christ, expressing to the Father: "Lord." The Father is acknowledged as Lord only because He chose to be born as flesh and blood. He is both the Father of God and the Lord of humanity. Do you recognize to whom He is Father? It is His equal Son. The Apostle states, "Who, being in the form of God, did not consider it robbery to be equal with God" (Philippians 2:6-7). This form that the Father possesses is equally reflected in the only-begotten Son, who originates from His own essence. Yet for our sake, that we may be transformed and partake of His Divine nature, He embraced our mortality; the Apostle reminds us, "But He emptied Himself, taking the form of a servant, and coming in the likeness of men" (Philippians 2:7). He was in the Form of God, equal to the Father, yet He assumed the form of a servant to demonstrate humility.

"You know my sitting down and my rising up" (Psalm 138:2). What does it mean to sit or rise? It signifies that one who sits is in humility. The Lord sat in His Passion and rose in His Resurrection. He declares that "You knew it," acknowledging Your will in these events, for it was Your decision. When we understand the words of the Head concerning the Body: a person humbles themselves in repentance when they sit, and they rise when their transgressions are pardoned, elevated to the hope of eternal life. Do not elevate yourself without first humbling yourself, for many wish to stand without sitting down, hoping to appear righteous before recognizing their own sinfulness.

"You understand my thoughts from afar; You mark my path and my resting place" (Psalm 138:3). What is afar? While I am still on my journey, even before reaching my true home, You know my thoughts... Reflect on the parable of the prodigal son who wandered into a distant land. After enduring toil, suffering, and hardship, he remembered his father and resolved to return, saying, "I will arise and go to my father." His intention to "arise" came before he settled back into his former state. "You knew my sitting down and rising up." He began in want and arose driven by his longing for sustenance. You understand my thoughts from a distance. Although I have traveled far, where can I not find You, whom I have abandoned? The Lord says in the Gospel that the Father met him while he was still on his journey, truly understanding his thoughts from afar. "What is my path?" It is the route I took. "What is my limit?" It is what I have achieved. You have observed my journey and my limitations—a limit that, despite its distance, has not escaped Your watchful eyes. I have traveled far, yet You were ever-present, foreseeing my ways even before I embarked upon them, allowing me to wander that I might eventually seek Your path once more. No falsehood resides within me as I recognize my distance from You, the source of true goodness; without You, I am nothing.

"Behold, O Lord, You know all my works, past and present" (Psalm 138:5). You recognized my most recent actions while I was with the swine, and You saw my earlier works when I demanded my inheritance. These initial actions yielded the greatest sorrows: the ancient transgression that led to our fall and the chastisement that brought us into this enduring mortality. If this is the last of our sinfulness, so also shall it be if we desire to return. For there remains a final judgment for the wicked, where it will be decreed, "Depart into the everlasting fire" (Matthew 25:41). You have created me and placed Your hand upon me—fashioned in the sphere of this mortality, destined for the labor to which we have all been called. No one exists without God's formation in the womb, as every creature's maker is God Himself. You have conceived me into the toil of life, placing upon me Your guiding hand that humbles the proud, for through His grace, He lowers the proud to lift up the humble.

"Your skill has been wonderfully displayed in me; it has become steadfast, yet I cannot grasp it" (Psalm 138:6). Listen intently, for here is a profound truth, though somewhat veiled, yet brings much joy upon comprehension. Moses, that holy servant of God, conversed with the Lord amidst a cloud, seeking knowledge of God's presence. His desire was to see God's glory, pleading, "If I have found favor in Your sight, show me Your glory" (Exodus 33:13). Though earnestly seeking, God revealed, "You cannot see My face; for no one may see My face and live" (Exodus 33:20). But He told Moses He would place him in a cleft of the rock, allowing him only to glimpse His back as He passed by. This brings forth a profound mystery, as the imagery suggests that God possesses both a front and a back in His divine majesty. Such thoughts are beyond human comprehension. Those who were in opposition to the Lord they once encountered sought salvation, only to be advised, "Repent and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ, for the remission of sins" (Acts 2:38). They caught sight of His back, for the presence of God's grace was only obscured while He was among them. When He departed, their eyes were opened, prompting the disciples to inquire, "What shall we do?" These transitions demonstrate the journey from cruelty to compassion, anger to fear, hardness to gentleness, blindness to enlightenment.

"Where can I go from your Spirit? Where can I flee from your presence?" (Psalm 138:7). A fugitive cannot escape the discerning gaze of the One from whom he flees. How can one seek refuge whose boundaries are exhausted? "If I ascend to heaven, You are there; if I make my bed in hell, You are present" (Psalm 138:8). In desperation, the errant one has discovered they can never truly part from the Lord they wish to evade. He is everywhere; where can you escape? If I fall into the depths of sin and refuse to confess, saying, "Who sees me?" Thou art there to punish. What refuge awaits one fleeing from Your presence, seeking to evade Your judgment? "If I take wings and dwell in the most distant sea" (Psalm 138:9), how foolishly optimistic to think such a distance can separate me from You. Regardless of how far I run, I cannot escape Your watchful eye.

"Even there Your hand shall lead me, and Your right hand shall hold me" (Psalm 138:10). Let us reflect on this, beloved brethren; may it be our hope and comfort. Let us reclaim the wings we've lost to desires of the flesh. Sin has weighed us down, grounding us from soaring into the freedom of God's Spirit. As we fell, we lost our wings and were ensnared, yet He has redeemed us through His blood. He grants us new wings through His commandments, enabling us to rise unbound. We must have wings, and He must guide us, for He is our Helper. We possess free will, but what can we accomplish without His assistance?

As for the long journey ahead, one may say: "Perhaps darkness will cover me" (Psalm 138:11). I have put my faith in Christ, and He has lifted me on the wings of love... As I consider the extent of the journey, even the night seems bright in my rapture, because during those dark hours, I despaired over the vast sea of trials and the arduous path. I am grateful to the One who reached out to me while I was a fugitive, who chastened me to ensure my return, who transformed my darkness into light. In this life, night will arrive; how is it that night brightens? Because Christ entered the night. "Even darkness is not dark to You" (Psalm 138:12). God does not make the darkness worse, but rather illuminates it; it is stated in another psalm: "You, O Lord, will light my lamp; my God will enlighten my darkness.” Those who bring greater darkness upon themselves are the wicked, for when they sin but do not confess, they remain in darkness. If you find yourself in sin, acknowledge it, and you will receive illumination. If you defend your errors, you deepen your own darkness. How will you escape from doubled darkness if you struggle in single darkness? Let us not darken our own hearts by justifying our sins; instead, may we find joy in confession, and the night shall become as bright as day.

The night is akin to day; the day's light represents worldly enjoyment, while the night signifies life's adversities. However, if we recognize that our struggles amid our sins produce adversity, and that our Father's corrective measures are sweet to us, we will see that even the darkest night may serve as illumination. When our Lord Christ arrived to dwell within our souls through faith, promising a new light while strengthening our patience, we learn to remain steadfast amidst life's trials, not swaying with the tides of fortune, but instead praising God in every circumstance—whether in abundance or lack, in health or illness. His darkness does not overwhelm me, as His light does not elevate me.

"For You formed my inward parts; You covered me in my mother’s womb" (Psalm 138:13). The Creator dwells within, occupying not only my heart but also my very essence. Thus, He fills me with joy from His light of Wisdom. What then? Do you not find joy in earthly successes, fortunate times, respect, wealth, or family? No, he says. Why? Because Lord, You have grasped my essence, my very being was created before I even entered this world. While in my mother’s womb, I did not disdain the dichotomy of light and darkness, but now, as I leave that comforting place, I see them with indifference, realizing that what brings joy or sorrow in this world is transient. The focus must remain on righteousness, love, faith, and hope in God, loving both Him and our neighbors. After these trials, we will inherit an unshakable light, a day that never fades. All that seems bright or bleak in this life is temporary.

"I will praise You, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made; marvelous are Your works, and my soul knows it very well" (Psalm 138:14). Your wondrous knowledge expanded beyond what I could comprehend. Now, I recognize it because the night is illuminated by joy, thanks to Your grace. You have embraced me from my very conception, and Your creation is not hidden from Your sight. "My frame was not hidden from You when I was made in secret, and skillfully wrought in the depths of the earth" (Psalm 138:15). Your diligent artistry has been fashioned within, and while the physical body may be weak, the strength You have implanted in me cannot be broken, regardless of any external afflictions. You provide me with steadfast endurance, evident even in the trials I face, reflecting the truth that "our patience is from God."

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Athanasius the Great

4th centuryChurch Father

If God is aware of even our thoughts, how much deeper is His understanding of the path we traverse in our lives.

Theodoret of Cyrus

5th centuryChurch Father

Since ancient times, even before my existence, You have not only anticipated my actions but have also prepared for my future reflections.

Euthymios Zigabenos

11th centuryCommentator

You have perceived my thoughts even from a distance. In the preceding verse, the Lord is addressed as one who has examined and understood me; however, to prevent any misunderstanding that God only discerns individuals through trials, the king-prophet elaborates further. He asserts that if God is aware of the innermost thoughts of humanity even before they arise within their hearts, or rather, from countless years and generations ago—indicating His omniscience—then what purpose does testing serve in revealing this knowledge? Such a notion is indeed inconsistent. Eusebius notes that only the Lord truly explores the depths of human hearts.

Tichon of Zadonsk

18th centuryChurch Father

Before their sovereigns, subjects tend to feel a sense of shame in engaging in inappropriate behavior. This feeling of shame comes with fear. Christians, take heed! God is omnipresent and observes all our actions and intentions. He knows our deeds, thoughts, and beginnings, and hears our every word. The Holy Scriptures affirm this in numerous passages (see Psalm 32:13-15; Psalm 138:1-16; Sirach 23:27-29; Jeremiah 32:17, 19, 27; etc.). Saint Augustine expresses this acknowledgment to God, saying, "I confess, Lord, whatever I do, and whatever work I do, before Thee I do. And all that I do, Thou seest better than I that do.

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Whatever I do, You are equally always present, as always seeing all my thoughts, intentions, pleasures, and deeds." This awareness that Augustine has for himself is something we all must confront. We who recognize and profess God, who call upon Him and pray, holding onto hope for His mercy, ought to feel shame when we act inappropriately, contrary to His majesty, and detrimental to our own well-being. We should feel both shame and fear, as "our God is a consuming fire to the wicked" (Hebrews 12:29). While one might hesitate to offend fellow humans, how much more should one be embarrassed to act wrongly before God? Although we cannot see Him, He sees us, observing our actions, plans, and thoughts, and hears all of our words. "He that formed the ear, doth He not hear? He that formed the eye, doth He not see?" (Psalm 93:9, etc.). A king is displeased by the disobedience of his subjects, a master feels the same when his servant acts improperly, and a father is hurt when his children misbehave. This is a common understanding. Christian, reflect and remember that it is the same with God; He is offended when individuals, particularly Christians who know and profess His name, commit iniquity in His most holy sight. Your unrighteousness offends His truth; your deceit tarnishes His holiness; your malice disrespects His goodness; your anger and resentment disregard His meekness and patience; your hatred contradicts His love. Oh, what a grave offense it is against the Good, Gracious, and Compassionate God! Who are we—mere dust and flesh—to insult our Creator, Redeemer, Guardian, and Sustainer, our ultimate Benefactor, whose blessings surround us daily and without whom we cannot survive even a moment? Offending Him is indeed serious and frightening! Those who transgress will face His righteous judgment unless they genuinely repent. God is good, patient, and merciful, hoping for the sinner's repentance, and thus He remains longsuffering toward them. However, if they do not turn back to Him, they will experience His righteous anger. You feel compelled to show respect before your King, Master, or Father—not to engage in immorality, to utter idle words, or to laugh inappropriately. Yet, before God, the All-Seeing and Mighty King, you may lack that same sense of shame or fear, not just in speaking frivolously but in committing serious transgressions: fornication, adultery, abduction, theft, falsehood, slander, judgment, malicious speech, cursing, and other disgraceful acts. O Christian! If you engage in such actions, cover your eyes with shame. Feel remorse if you claim to believe in the Omnipresent, True, Almighty, and Righteous God, who cares for your salvation and rewards everyone according to their actions. A spiritually blind Christian is the one who is too ashamed to reveal their wrongdoing before fellow humans, yet lacks that same humility before the Omnipresent and Omniscient God. If only a person could glimpse even a fraction of God's terrible glory, they would fall prostrate, realizing their transgressions and the shame they bring upon themselves by offending Him—from whom they draw life and all that is good—and would weep and mourn inconsolably. The Scriptures say of the wicked, "they have not presented God before them" (Psalm 53:5), which is why they feel little shame in their iniquities. Christian! Keep God before your mind; believe and remember that wherever you are, whatever you do, and whatever you say, God is with you. Continually look upon Him with awareness, as the psalmist declared, "I have always seen the Lord before me" (Psalm 15:8). In this awareness, humble yourself, repent for your past transgressions, and ask for forgiveness, often repeating, "I have sinned, Lord, have mercy on me!" From now on, let shame and fear guide your actions, refraining from disorderly behavior and breaking His holy laws, lest you recognize His disciplinary hand acting upon you and feel the shame in the world's view. "Look, hear me, O Lord my God, and enlighten my eyes, lest I fall asleep in death; lest my enemy say, 'I am strengthened against him'" (Psalm 12:4-5). "Open my eyes, and I will understand the wonders of Thy law. I am a stranger on earth; hide not Thy commandments from me. With love at all times my soul desires Thy judgments" (Psalm 118:18-20). "Lord, You have searched me and known me. You know when I sit down and when I rise; You discern my thoughts from afar. You examine my path and my way, and are acquainted with all my ways" (Psalm 138:1-3).

Irenaeus (Klementjewsky)

18th centuryCommentator

In these words, He conveys that God possesses knowledge not only of the outward circumstances in our lives but also of our innermost thoughts, intentions, and plans. "Thou knowest my thoughts from afar" indicates that even before I form any thought, You are fully aware of it in advance. "Thou knowest my path from afar" means that You are acquainted with my actions and my ways, both in the physical realm and particularly in the spiritual. Furthermore, "Thou hast also searched out my path" signifies that You comprehend the purpose or destination for which I am created, including whether I will reach that goal or not. Simply put, You have known from all eternity the inception, the means, and the conclusion of my actions.

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.