The Church Fathers on this verse

Psalm 141 (140):5Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

The just man shall correct me in mercy, and shall reprove me: but let not the oil of the sinner fatten my head. For my prayer shall still be against the things with which they are well pleased:

Douay-Rheims · Hebrew numbering, Septuagint numbering in brackets.

יֶֽהֶלְמֵֽנִי־צַדִּ֨יק ׀ חֶ֡סֶד וְֽיוֹכִיחֵ֗נִי שֶׁ֣מֶן רֹ֭אשׁ אַל־יָנִ֣י רֹאשִׁ֑י כִּי־ע֥וֹד וּ֝תְפִלָּתִ֗י בְּרָעוֹתֵיהֶֽם׃

Hebrew (Masoretic text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

10 Church Fathers comment on this verse

John Chrysostom

4th centuryChurch Father

Another perspective suggests: may the righteous man strike me with compassion, and may he correct me. This sentiment, alongside the previous notions, reflects a significant virtue—namely, the willingness to endure reproof and scorn from righteous individuals. The essence of these words is clear: in environments where flattering words may do harm, I prefer to align myself with those who challenge, amend, reprove, reveal sins, and administer discipline. It is both peculiar and kindhearted to offer healing. “Let not the oil of the wicked anoint my head.” Do you recognize a soul that embodies virtue? It embraces humbly the critiques from the just while rejecting sweet words from the unrighteous. Why is this?

Read more (460 words)

Because the latter, in their false kindness, frequently cause destruction, while the former, through their correction and admonition, bring about restoration. The rebuke from the loving is sincere, whereas the kisses from an enemy are deceptive (Proverbs 27:6).

Moreover, consider how the apostolic directive is conveyed: “reprove, rebuke, exhort” (2 Timothy 4:2). This is the nature of a saint's admonition, akin to the approach of physicians who not only remove ailments but also provide healing care. Hence, Christ emphasizes the importance of personal correction, stating: “Go and tell him his fault between you and him alone” (Matthew 18:15). Paul mirrors this method, intertwining correction with compassion, addressing the Galatians first as “O foolish Galatians,” and later as “my children, I am in labor until Christ is formed in you” (Galatians 3:1; Galatians 4:19).

One who reproves must carefully consider the manner in which they do so, ensuring the rebuke is received graciously; great wisdom is required of those who offer such healing. It is far better for one who corrects to possess greater insight than one who merely attends to physical wounds. Why? Because here, it is not just the body that is affected, but the very soul experiences both affliction and pain. “Let not the oil of the wicked anoint my head.” What does this imply? The wicked seek their own gain in extending favor, trying to appear amiable and friendly, while the righteous focus on the well-being of others over their own comforts. Therein lies the vast difference. If we are to avoid the ungodly, even when they shower us with favor, how much more must we be wary of their presence? It is essential to reject them, even if they offer riches, pleasures, or honors; flee from them. In contrast, embrace the righteous, even if they rebuke you, for they are the ones who truly care for you. “But my prayer (let it not be) directed towards their wellbeing.” In another translation: “since my prayer is among their wickednesses.” A further translation states: “since my prayer is under their iniquity.”

The prophet sought one thing from God while presenting another from himself, demonstrating that individuals should not rely solely on prayer, becoming complacent or indifferent, but should also contribute appropriately. What does he offer? Not sheep, not oxen, not silver, but a humble spirit and a profound disdain for the lawless. Thus, he states, not only will I shun harmful flattery and embrace the correction of the righteous, but I will also stand against the desires of the wicked; my rejection of their favor is so strong that I actively pray against their appetites. This essence is captured in the statement: “their judges were swallowed up near the rock; my words were heard, for they are mighty.”

Augustine of Hippo

5th centuryChurch Father

The Psalm we just sang can be difficult to interpret in several respects. However, with the Lord's guidance, as we delve deeper into its meaning, you will discover that you are reflecting on truths you already recognize. The multifaceted expressions are intended to alleviate any weariness one might feel regarding the truth.

Read more (1403 words)

“Lord, I have cried unto Thee; hear me,” (Psalm 140:1) is something we can all proclaim. It is not merely my voice; it is the voice of Christ expressed through all of us. This plea is articulated in the name of His Body. He, while in the flesh, prayed fervently, experiencing such anguish that “His sweat was like great drops of blood” (Luke 22:44). The sweat pouring from His body symbolizes the collective suffering of the martyrs of the Church. When I call out, “Hear the voice of my prayer,” know that this is not merely an expression of past tears. It is a constant cry, as long as tribulation persists; “I have cried unto Thee” is a continuous appeal, echoed by the Body of Christ.

“Let my prayer be before Thy eyes as incense, and the lifting up of my hands as the evening sacrifice” (Psalm 140:2). This is universally recognized by Christians as referring to Christ, the Head of the Church. When the evening approached, the Lord surrendered His life on the Cross only to take it back again (John 10:17). What hung on that tree was everything He took from us. It raises a challenging question: How is it possible for the Father to forsake His only begotten Son, who is one with Him? Yet, as the Apostle reminds us, our old self was crucified with Him on that Cross (Romans 6:6). In His suffering, He echoed the desperation of that old self, asking, “Why hast Thou forsaken Me?” This evening sacrifice embodies the passion of the Lord—the Cross and the saving offering that is pleasing to God. From this sacrifice, His Resurrection brought forth the morning offering. A sincere prayer ascends like incense from the sacred altar, enveloping us in the delightful fragrance of the Lord, which every believer should aspire to possess.

“Put, O Lord, a guard before my mouth, and a door of restraint round about my lips” (Psalm 140:3). Rather than a barrier, the Psalm speaks of a door. Doors can open and close—open to confess sins and closed to excuse them. This protective door serves to restrain, rather than condemn. What benefit does this restraint offer? What does Christ request for His Body? “May You not turn away My heart to evil words” (Psalm 140:4). The heart referred to is that of the Church, the heart of His Body.

When your heart remains steadfast, resisting evil words and justifications for sin, you will not align with those who are self-righteous. The verse continues, “And I will not be united with their elect.” Who are these elect? They are those who justify their actions and falsely believe in their righteousness, much like the Pharisee who boasted, “Lord, I thank you that I am not like other men” (Luke 18:11). Such self-righteousness is also seen in other judgments, like the criticism of Jesus by those who failed to recognize the sinful woman who anointed His feet. Even she, had her heart turned to excuses for sin, would have lost the chance to defend herself. Many women engage in self-justification for their sins; they either deny or defend their actions, and their defenses are often readily available yet fraught with folly. When confronted, they say, “God willed it; fate dictated it.” This is the false justification of the world’s elect. However, Christ implores, “Turn not away, O my heart, to evil words,” acknowledging the faults of His Body, uniting us in the cry against self-righteousness.

The wicked are those who prioritize their earthly gains over righteousness. They assert that lending money is of greater merit than farming—it implies a skewed sense of justice that mocks true integrity. They neglect those in need, insisting that helping them would be an affront to God. Their distorted reasoning holds more danger than anyone recognizes, for they deny the necessity of sharing resources while clinging to a false sense of piety. Instead, they craft a narrative where they believe their actions sanctify their earthly goods and elevate them above the divine mercy extended to others.

The righteous will correct me with love and admonish me (Psalm 140:5). This portrays a sinner who earnestly seeks correction through compassion, not disdain. The admonition should come from a heart filled with love, so thankfulness follows. “Rebuke a wise man, and he will love thee” (Proverbs 9:8). The righteous man will correct me—not out of malice, but with mercy. He judges in kindness, not to flatter me through false praise, which is likened to oil poured on the head of a sinner, corrupting the heart. Be eager for the just judgment of the righteous rather than accepting empty accolades from those who seek to deceive.

You may ask, “What is my role amidst this?” Surrounded by flatterers, I face many who commend what I do not value and accuse me of what I deem most important. For instance, they might heap praise upon someone like Gaiusius, who may be knowledgeable and wise, but his Christian faith appears hollow if it is based solely on his intellect rather than the spirit. The flattery of such praise bears no sweetness. It is the oil of a sinner, so do not become enamored with it. Remain humble and steadfast, for the day will come when my words will find favor. Even in times of persecution, let us endure the mockery and scorn from others; my words will resonate with the truth, and they will soon be embraced as righteousness.

What consequences do these martyrdoms yield? “As the fat of the earth is scattered over the earth, so are our bones scattered by the ditch” (Psalm 140:7). This represents the bodies of Christ’s witnesses—martyrs who were slain, seemingly overpowered by those who executed them. Their deaths served a larger purpose, enabling the triumph of Christ's words through the preaching of the Gospel. The disregard for the martyrs stands in stark contrast to their value in God’s eyes. The world may view them as worthless, yet their very sacrifice enriches the Kingdom of God. God calls forth the despised and marginalized, turning their apparent shame into a source of strength.

“My eyes are unto Thee, O Lord; in Thee have I hoped; Thou wilt not take away my life” (Psalm 140:8). During the oppression of persecution, many may falter, but amid trials, the voice of the praying believer rises: “For unto Thee, O Lord, are my eyes.” I pay attention to Your promises over the fears that surround me; I recall what You have endured and what You have pledged to me.

“Keep me from the trap they set for me” (Psalm 140:9). The snare represents temptation: the allure of worldly comfort that could lead to spiritual ruin. Should the heart yearn for temporal pleasures, it risks becoming ensnared. Thus, I seek refuge from whatever entrapments may arise, being wary of both the aggressive threats and the enticing offers that may lead to downfall.

“Not all sinners, but those whose love for this transient life overshadows their longing for eternal life, shall fall into this net” (Psalm 140:10). They who remain oblivious to their peril may not recognize the net laid before them. Consider the disciples during Your time of trial, who abandoned You, hiding rather than standing firm. “Behold,” You said, “the hour is approaching when they will scatter.” (John 16:32). Even those closest to You, the bravest among them, succumbed to fear when confronted directly, denying their allegiance to You. This was their moment of testing before the resurrection restored their hope.

Thus, amidst the treacherous path we traverse, He assures us of hope: “I am alone until I pass over.” This signifies His journey toward fulfillment—after which He will no longer walk alone, as many shall rise to follow Him in the way of the cross. His solitude is preparatory for the fruitful harvest that follows His sacrifice, echoing the truth that without dying to self, we cannot truly live in Him. His death leads to a multitude revived by His Spirit; for a grain of wheat, when sown, yields abundance.

John the Baptist, though martyred, did not die proclaiming the Name as we do. He fell victim to worldly powers by speaking truth to authority, yet his death did not conclude a testament for Christ. Thus, we affirm through His passion, “I am alone until I pass on,” a prelude to the shared fellowship in His Resurrection.

Athanasius the Great

4th centuryChurch Father

The just will correct me with compassion and admonish me. I will wholeheartedly accept every counsel from the just, but I will not accept the favor and affection with which the wicked try to soothe me, anointing my head like oil. See v. 6

Jerome of Stridon

4th centuryChurch Father

‘Whom the Lord loves, He disciplines; He disciplines the son whom He accepts’ (Hebrews 12:6). Blessed is the individual who experiences such discipline: ‘The Lord will not impose penalties twice for the same offense’ (see Nahum 1:9). The Lord’s anger is significant when it is not directed at us; for we are like a bull destined for sacrifice. To Jerusalem, it is declared, ‘You have committed many sins and numerous iniquities; for this reason, I will not be angry with you’ (see Ezekiel 16:42). This means that when you were unfaithful, I was envious of you as if I had devotion for you. When you were pursued by many lovers, I showed disinterest and did not express anger.

Read more (411 words)

A husband who loves his wife experiences jealousy over her; if he does not feel this jealousy, he does not truly care for her, nor does he heed the words of Him who proclaims, ‘I will visit their iniquities with the rod’ (Psalm 88:33). And again, ‘I will not punish their daughters when they act shamelessly’ (see Hosea 4:14). ‘The righteous shall correct me with kindness and instruct me.’ Consider the role of a teacher, a father, or a physician. If the physician notices decay in a body and merely says, ‘What is it to me?’ know that he is being cruel. But if he removes the affected tissue and applies healing, he shows mercy: he has preserved the individual’s life. Similarly, a teacher who abandons a young person and fails to guide him shows hatred. However, if he provides guidance, and the physician offers healing, what appears to be harshness is actually compassion. Ahab was condemned by God for the murder of Naboth, when he wrongfully seized his vineyard and shed the blood of an innocent man. The prophet Elijah was sent to confront him, proclaiming: ‘You have killed, and taken possession beyond that’ (see 1 Kings 21:19). Immediately, overwhelmed by guilt, he humbled himself with his head bowed and his eyes downcast. Here is the evil king adorned in royal garments. Later, as the Scriptures state, he donned a sackcloth beneath his clothing. And God observed, saying: ‘Because Ahab has turned back to Me, I will not bring calamity upon him’ (see 1 Kings 21:29). Thus, consider the significance of apparel and fasting, and how sincere tears can wash away a multitude of sins. Therefore, embracing fasting and humility should be done so that no one else observes it. ‘Punishment’ can be understood in two ways: either as correction or teaching. ‘The oil of wickedness shall not anoint my head.’ ‘O My people, those who please you will lead you astray’ (Isaiah 3:12). The acclaim of heretics and their misguided teachings, which they use to adorn the heads of men with promises of the kingdom of heaven, lead to spiritual corruption. In Scripture, abundance has its symbol, as it is written, ‘And Jacob feasted and was filled and became obstinately beloved and grew stout and fat’ (see Deuteronomy 32:15). Conversely, manna represents the sustenance of angels. ‘For also my prayers remain in their favor.’ Thus the psalmist expresses: though they were filled with rage, I prayed for their conversion.

Theodoret of Cyrus

5th centuryChurch Father

The just man will correct me with compassion and rebuke me, but the blessing of the wicked will not be poured upon me. The Prophet expresses that it is more advantageous for me to be chastised by the righteous for my growth and good, rather than to receive flattering comforts from those who are sinful, even if those comforts, much like soothing oil that brings joy to my existence, seem appealing. I would much prefer the guidance of the righteous over the approval of the unrighteous. Furthermore, my prayer is directed towards their betterment. As Simmachus translated: yet my prayer does not reach beyond their wickedness. I do not desire their success for myself; instead, I long for their transformation, that they may abandon their wrongdoing and experience a true change of heart alongside a change in fortunes.

Euthymios Zigabenos

11th centuryCommentator

May the just chastise me with kindness and correct me; however, let not the allure of the wicked comfort me. Let the righteous hold me accountable and offer their reproof, while I reject the affection and approval of the unrighteous. For the rebuke and correction of the just is far more beneficial than the enticing words and false charm of the wicked, which serve merely as a facade. The discipline from the just is infinitely more nourishing to the soul than the accolades and charity of the unrighteous. Gregory the Theologian remarked that the discipline of the just proves to be more practical than the charity of sinners; likewise, the corrections of the righteous far surpass the honors bestowed by the wicked.

Read more (399 words)

It is also pointed out that even while the righteous chastise, they do so with mercy, ensuring their aim is the redemption of the sinner rather than their ultimate downfall. As Goldsmith noted, the steadfastness of a virtuous soul is notably resilient: the righteous endure reproof willingly, whereas the lawless, regardless of their pleasant words, are met with revulsion. This disdain stems from the harm their words can inflict, contrasted with how the righteous apply their corrections with compassion, leading to life rather than death.

The guidance from the Apostles instructs us in three acts: reprove, prohibit, and entreat. This mirrors the actions of physicians who not only perform surgery but also offer healing. If the wicked are to be avoided even in their mercy, then when can we ever approach them? The answer is clearly never. Thus, should the unrighteous present gifts and promises of pleasure, we must shun those advances; however, when the righteous speak reproachfully or mockingly, we should embrace them, for their intentions stem from a place of love. Gregory further asserts that the sternness of the good is ultimately pleasant due to its fruitfulness, while the severity masked as mercy from the wicked is a cause for distrust.

Theodoret expressed a similar sentiment, stating that he prefers the correction and even the offense from the righteous for his growth and benefit, over the seductive niceties from sinners, no matter how appealing those may be, akin to soothing anointing oil. He articulates a desire to avoid the company of the wicked, opting instead for the righteous, despite the challenge posed by their necessary corrections. He would choose admonition from the virtuous over disingenuous affection from the wicked, even if cloaked in sweet gestures and flattery.

Moreover, he prays not just to distance himself from the immoral, but also to stand against their false delights and malign intents, echoing the Evangelist's interpretation of 'in' to symbolize opposition. He seeks that their malevolent schemes and desires may come to naught, as he identifies these as the favors of the wicked. Theodoret stresses that rather than envying their fortunes, he prays for a reversal of their happiness so that they may shift from their current state of well-being to something worse. Thus, when he speaks of favors, he refers to the prosperity enjoyed by the unrighteous—an understanding that Goldsmith also supports, acknowledging their success as mere worldly prosperity.

Nilus of Sinai

5th centuryChurch Father

The adversary of our souls, who feigns compassion toward us, attempts to convince us that there is no judgment or recompense for our actions, and by spreading these misleading ideas, leads the misguided into corruption; for the devil is indeed the first among sinners. In contrast, Christ, the Redeemer of all, who embodies purity and justice in the truest sense, both affirms and admonishes, reproves and guides, and warns us about the forthcoming judgment, saving those who listen to Him. Thus, it is essential to grasp the meaning behind the words, 'The righteous man shall punish me with mercy, and reprove me; but the oil of sinfulness shall not anoint my head' (Psalm 140:5), referring to the governing aspect within me, or the rational faculties that dwell within.

Braulio of Saragossa

7th centuryChurch Father

The ministry of oil ultimately fails to assist the foolish and neglectful maidens. What benefit is there in confessing to someone who cannot provide the healing for our transgressions? Therefore, we must disclose our sins to those whose intercessions support us and to whom we aspire to exemplify true conversion to the Christian faith. "Let the righteous rebuke me in kindness," he states. It is written that we should "confess your offenses to one another, and pray for one another" (James 5:16).

Irenaeus (Klementjewsky)

18th centuryCommentator

In this fifth petition, David earnestly appeals to God, seeking the blessing of companions who, driven by genuine love, can offer him wise counsel and correction rather than those who would mislead him with empty flattery. This gift from God is truly significant; it enables us to discern and appreciate friends who speak truthfully, and when we are open to such wisdom, we express heartfelt gratitude. Conversely, among those in the world who have not been granted this divine gift, superficial favor often fosters false joy among friends, while honesty tends to bring discomfort.

Read more (158 words)

The "oil of the sinner" that David refers to, which brings delight and pleasure in the anointing of the head, symbolizes the deceitful words of a flatterer, who commonly smooths over or justifies wrongdoing and praises virtue under misleading pretenses. The following phrase, “My prayer also is in their favour,” indicates that David not only desires to avoid the company of such flatterers but also intends to pray for God's deliverance from their influence, particularly from the vices in which they find delight. The Hebrew version offers a slightly different reading, suggesting that David's prayer may also be directed against their wickedness. Through this statement, David seems to prophetically indicate the unfortunate fate awaiting the wicked, implying that although they may currently indulge and rejoice, he anticipates a time of sorrow for them. They may enjoy a brief existence, yet ultimately, they will face a devastating fate that will bring grief to him and the children of God.

Sergius Ternowski

19th centuryCommentator

I express my intercession on their behalf; I do not seek their goodwill, even if they were to graciously respond to my petitions. I offer my prayer for them; I do not desire their compassion, though they might readily receive my appeals with kindness.

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.