The Church Fathers on this verse

Zephaniah 1:5Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

And them that worship the host of heaven upon the tops of houses, and them that adore, and swear by the Lord, and swear by Melchom.

Douay-Rheims

וְאֶת־הַמִּשְׁתַּחֲוִ֥ים עַל־הַגַּגּ֖וֹת לִצְבָ֣א הַשָּׁמָ֑יִם וְאֶת־הַמִּֽשְׁתַּחֲוִים֙ הַנִּשְׁבָּעִ֣ים לַֽיהוָ֔ה וְהַנִּשְׁבָּעִ֖ים בְּמַלְכָּֽם׃

Hebrew (Masoretic text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

3 Church Fathers comment on this verse

Cyrill of Alexandria

5th centuryChurch Father

Alongside the priests, the names of Baal shall be extinguished, as he declares, along with those who offer worship on the rooftops of their homes. Likely, these individuals were accustomed to venerating the moon, the constellation of the Bear, and other celestial bodies. He continues by stating, “and those who bow down to their monarch.” It was common among those who strayed from truth to invoke an oath by the heavens and to speak highly of it, exclaiming with profound respect, "I swear by the king and lord, the sun." Such actions inevitably lead one away from the love of God, despite the clear directive of the law: “The Lord thy God thou shalt worship, and to him only shalt thou serve... and by his name shalt thou swear” (Matthew 4:10; Deuteronomy 6:13). Jeremiah affirms the Israelites' adherence to this commandment of Moses by addressing God and seeking to turn His anger away from them: “The Lord liveth, they say” (Jer. 5:2).

Jerome of Stridon

4th centuryChurch Father

Following the downfall of the wicked and the expulsion of the unrighteous from the earth, the message of judgment is pronounced in the Lord's name against Judah and Jerusalem: "I will stretch forth My hand against Judah, and against all the inhabitants of Jerusalem." This gesture signifies the divine intervention aimed at eradicating the remnants of Baal worship from this land. This does not imply, as the Septuagint suggests, the complete removal of the names of Baal’s idols; rather, as the Hebrew indicates, it foretells the annihilation of those who worship Baal among the remaining people of Judah and Jerusalem, who are diminished in number after suffering defeat.

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Similarly, the fate of the temple guardians and priests is bound to be severe. Judah and Benjamin had sunk into such depravity that, as noted in the writings of Ezekiel and the Second Book of Kings, they erected a statue of Baal in the temple dedicated to the Lord. The Lord refers to this idol as the image of Zelah, and within the same temple, they offered worship equally to both the Lord and the idols. Thus, it is telling that those who are supposed to be priests of the true God are described instead as τεμενίτας, meaning temple servants or attendants, a term reflected in the Hebrew word ‘acchumarim’ (חכמרים). Likewise, the temple keepers, former priests of the Lord, and those who worship the heavenly hosts—sun, moon, and stars—from their rooftops, who invoke the names of both the Lord and Melchom, the Ammonite idol, will also be removed from Jerusalem or faced with complete destruction.

This means that God will expunge the remnants of Baal, eliminate the names of false temple officials, and destroy those practicing idolatrous worship on rooftops. He will remove those who swear in the name of the Lord and Melchom while turning their backs on the path of righteousness and failing to seek Him wholeheartedly. Those who forsake the worship of the Lord of Israel to swear allegiance to Melchom and honor Baal are called out.

At this juncture, the essence of the narrative is clear; we must now delve into its symbolic meaning. Regarding the Lord, who arises from the tribe of Judah and Jerusalem, the homeland of His kingship, we must recognize that as unrighteousness prevails and many grow indifferent, faith will be scarce when the Lord returns to earth. During these trying times, the Lord will extend His hand against Judah, which falsely believes it confesses His name, and against Jerusalem, the Church named for peace. He will purge the Church of the names Baalim, which signifies high places of idol worship.

The Lord will also eradicate names of superficial praise and empty reverence that circulate within the Church, where, as Paul the Apostle notes, the affluent are favored while the poor are dismissed. Here, in attendance of the wealthy and influential, the humble are given no place of honor. Similarly, He will dismantle the names of those religious leaders who seek affirmation through titles rather than through genuine service and righteousness.

It is essential to note that He does not mention the deeds of these spiritual leaders but rather their misleading titles, which they uphold while their actions contrast with the righteousness expected of them. The Lord will also vanquish those who worship heavenly bodies from their rooftops—those who oppose divine truth and accept false knowledge, allowing them to be swayed by worldly philosophies. He will address the contradiction of serving both God and worldly gain, as they neglect His authority by embracing sinful patterns that arise from their pursuit of dual allegiances.

The reality is that those who abandon the Lordship of Christ, who turn away through their iniquities, and neglect to seek Him, invariably serve mankind as their ruler. Nevertheless, when interpreting the significance of Judah and Jerusalem, one may rightly reflect this to their individual souls. For ultimately, the Lord will enact this judgment at the end times or upon the death of each person, when they too will hear, "Fool, this night your soul is required of you." He will challenge those who do not confess Him and those who falsely claim peace so that from such a Jerusalem, He might rid it of all pride, false piety, and various misconceptions arising from an inconsistent devotion that ultimately leads to neglect of the divine.

Theodoret of Cyrus

5th centuryChurch Father

He referred to the celestial beings as the host of heavenly lights, for in an effort to better honor them, sacrifices were placed upon the rooftops. Those who speak against the Lord, who dishonor their king, who stray from the Lord's path, who fail to seek Him, and those who do not cling to the Lord are all included in this admonition. Some may wonder why, through another prophet, God commands the removal of Baal's detestable practices from their words and instructs them to swear, "the Lord liveth in truth" (Jeremiah 4:1, 2), while simultaneously warning those who invoke the Lord's name of impending judgment. The resolution to this can be easily found, as it is noted regarding those who take an oath by the Lord and by their king.

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The term king here refers to the idol of the Ammonites, as also illustrated in the writings of other prophets and the first book of Kings. It is recorded that Solomon followed the ways of Astarte, the detestable deity of Sidon, along with the idol of the Ammonite children (1 Kings 11:5). Hence, God warns of punishment for swearing both by the true God and by idols, illustrating coherence among the prophecies. In one instance, God remarks, "If thou take away the abominations of Baal from thy mouth, and swear, the Lord liveth in truth" (Jer. 4:1); and in another, He admonishes those who outwardly claim to serve Him while favoring idol worship. Thus, after the warning to the mourners, He alleviates their fear by urging them not to succumb to the greatest sins, but instead to remain hopeful for salvation.

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.