Exodus 23:4Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

You, O human, should not consider fellow humans as lesser than beasts, for the law instructs you to lift up an animal that has fallen into a pit or to return it to its owner when it goes astray. Whether this directive holds a profound and hidden significance—much like various proclamations of the law, which often possess layers of meaning—remains beyond my understanding and is for the Spirit who tests and knows all things to reveal. However, I will assert, as far as my comprehension allows and its relevance to my message, that the essence of this law is to elevate our compassion from mere concern for insignificant creatures to a greater and more sublime form of mercy.

The teachings of the Lord instruct us not to take from others for selfish reasons, as exemplified by the command to return a wandering ox to your neighbor. True compassion requires that we aid those in need, yet cruelty seeks to extract more than it offers. If an individual is unable to repay a debt due to lack of finances, it is ungodly to demand greater recompense from someone who is already in a position of need. Rather than liberating the borrower from the lender, you make him indebted to you. This highlights that what is often deemed as compassion may instead perpetuate injustice.

The Scriptures guide us to understand that what has been discovered is to be managed with responsibility and encourages us not to hold resentment towards our adversaries. The act of forgiving transgressions paves the way for righteousness and the end of hostility. This process brings about harmony, which in turn leads to joy. Moreover, if you encounter someone who is typically antagonistic and notice that they are under the influence of desire or emotion, direct them towards moral integrity.

In Deuteronomy, chapter 22, verses 1-4 reiterate the principles outlined in verses 5 and 6 of this chapter, where the term ‘your brother’ is used instead of ‘the enemy.' The legislation found in Exodus, prior to Moses' ascent of the mountain, encapsulates the highest standards of righteousness that are meant to guide all similar actions. If one is instructed to perform a good deed for an adversary, it is even more fitting to extend that kindness to a friend.