The Church Fathers on this verse

Ezekiel 18:4Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

Behold all souls are mine: as the soul of the father, so also the soul of the son is mine: the soul that sinneth, the same shall die.

Douay-Rheims

הֵ֤ן כָּל־הַנְּפָשׁוֹת֙ לִ֣י הֵ֔נָּה כְּנֶ֧פֶשׁ הָאָ֛ב וּכְנֶ֥פֶשׁ הַבֵּ֖ן לִי־הֵ֑נָּה הַנֶּ֥פֶשׁ הַחֹטֵ֖את הִ֥יא תָמֽוּת׃

Hebrew (Masoretic text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

5 Church Fathers comment on this verse · 6 commentaries

Ephraem the Syrian

4th centuryChurch Father

The individual who commits sin is destined to perish. However, the one who is upright, who inflicts no harm upon others, who causes no injury or engages in theft, who does not seek ill-gotten gain, that person will not face death. Conversely, if a father brings sorrow upon his son and profits through wrongdoing, he will face the consequences of his own wickedness. The Israelites claimed that their ancestors sinned, and thus they bear the burden of those sins. Yet, God responds to them, declaring that this assertion is false; for they suffer the consequences of their own transgressions. Each person who partakes in wrongdoing will find their strength weakened.

Jerome of Stridon

4th centuryChurch Father

I live, declares the Lord, and this saying shall no longer be a proverb in Israel. Every soul belongs to Me; the soul of the father and the soul of the son are both Mine. The soul that sins shall face death. This signifies that I live, says the Lord, and this parable, as previously detailed, will not be uttered in Israel, except by those who lack knowledge of God and cannot discern the truth. He states that all souls are His by creation, and also in terms of merit, akin to how Moses is referred to as a servant of God, as noted in the scripture: "Moses the man of God prays" (Deut. 33), and Elijah, who told the captain of fifty, "If I am a man of God, let fire come down from heaven" (2 Kings 1:12).

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However, one who is sinful, like the son of wickedness, cannot be termed a man of God, just as it cannot be said of those who are enslaved to sin: everyone who commits sin is a servant of sin (John 8:34). Once again, whoever is overcome becomes a servant to what overcomes them (2 Peter 2:19). Just as the transgressions of children do not affect the fathers, the faults of the fathers do not harm the children; rather, the soul that sins shall die—not through the obliteration of existence but through the loss of communion with Him who declared, "I am the life" (John 14:6). Moreover, He affirms: anyone who lives and believes in Me shall never die (John 11:26), and again: "Amen, amen, I say to you, if anyone keeps My word, he shall not see death forever" (John 8:51). Our lives are securely hidden with Christ in God (Col. 3:3), and we will live when Christ, our life, is revealed in glory, fulfilling the scripture: "Amen, amen, I say to you, that whoever hears My word and believes Him who sent Me has everlasting life, and shall not come into judgment, but has passed from death to life" (John 5:24). Regarding Balaam, when he says, "Let my soul die with the righteous" (Num. 23:10), he expresses his desire to die to worldly desires and sin and to join the righteous souls, whom Christ sustains as their life, and who can proclaim: "I will walk before the Lord in the land of the living" (Ps. 114:9). For He is not the God of the dead but of the living (Matthew 22:32). If Balaam's name implies vanity, it is clear that the Gentiles, once steeped in vanity, wish to connect with the souls of the righteous—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—who are known as the upright. Thus, the book of Genesis bears their name.

Ambrose of Milan

4th centuryChurch Father

The spirit faces the penalty of death, primarily due to the burden of sin, as it is written, "the soul that sins will die." However, when the spirit, having been promised joy, is freed from sin, it transcends mortality and enters into the experience of everlasting life.

For the Lord knows the path of the upright, but the way of the wicked will ultimately fade away (Ps. 1:6). It's important to understand that the wicked will not stand in judgment, for the Lord is aware of the path of the righteous (Psalm 1:5-6). The Lord observes the movements of those whose lives He guides, as there are specific paths led by the Lord. He also shapes the journeys of humanity (see Ps. 36:23; 5:9). The Lord understands the direct routes that lead to the life of Him who declared, "I am the way, and the truth, and the life" (John 14:6). This path is magnificent, yet the ways of this world are twisted, and the Lord does not deem such paths worthy. He recognizes those who belong to Him and who carry out His will.

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Conversely, He declares to those who engage in wickedness, "Depart from Me, all you who practice lawlessness; I do not know you" (Luke 13:27). This lack of recognition comes not from His ignorance, but because they do not merit being known by God. As it is beautifully stated, "And the way of the wicked shall perish" (Psalm 1:6). The Latin version differentiates with the term ‘road,’ as if making a distinction between a path and a way, while the Greek consistently uses the word ‘way.’ The Latin intentionally differentiates these terms since the Lord proclaimed, "I am the way" (Jn. 14:6); He did not say, "I am the road." He noted that while the road of the wicked shall vanish, it does not mean the wicked themselves are beyond redemption; He upholds the lives of those who, upon turning from their sinful path, are transformed and shall not be lost. The transient will fade away, but what is essential endures. The wicked face demise according to the saying, "The soul that sins shall die" (Ezek. 18:4), meaning they will experience death through the consequences of sin, rather than through the annihilation of their essence.

Theodoret of Cyrus

5th centuryChurch Father

The word of the Lord addressed me, declaring, "Son of man, what does this proverb mean to you among the people of Israel: 'The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set on edge?'” The Lord declares that, as long as this proverb exists in Israel, I will not tolerate it any longer. The soul of the father is akin to the soul of the son; all souls belong to me, and if a soul transgresses, it must face death. Some may suggest that the prophecy shifts topics, yet it remains consistent with the preceding message.

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After highlighting Zedekiah’s wrongdoing, he prophesied that a descendant from the king’s lineage would rule over the world; thus, he instructs the people to refrain from using the proverb that implicates God in unfairness, as if the fathers’ actions adversely affect the children. The Lord states that the kings of that era acted without justice, but their lineage will inherit the earth. He ensures that when fathers commit iniquity, the children will not be held accountable; for He is sovereign over both, caring equally for all. The soul that sins will bear its own punishment. Subsequently, He reveals the various forms of truth and how one might embrace life while remaining free from judgment.

Isidore of Pelusium

5th centuryChurch Father

Understand, dear friend, that the phrase “The fathers have eaten the sour grapes, and the teeth of their children are set on edge” does not represent the essence of Scripture but rather reflects the misguided judgment of the unfaithful Jews. Having transgressed even more than their forebears, they believed they were enduring punishment for their ancestors and proclaimed this belief. However, the divine and incorruptible Judge, perceiving that they were being punished for their own actions rather than those of others, declared, “As I live, saith the Lord, if this proverb, devised by the Jews to mislead themselves and their audience, continues to be uttered, for each person dies for their own iniquity. The soul that sins, it shall die.”

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.