The Church Fathers on this verse

Psalm 121 (120):8Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

May the Lord keep thy coming in and thy going out; from henceforth now and for ever.

Douay-Rheims · Hebrew numbering, Septuagint numbering in brackets.

יְֽהוָ֗ה יִשְׁמָר־צֵאתְךָ֥ וּבוֹאֶ֑ךָ מֵֽ֝עַתָּ֗ה וְעַד־עוֹלָֽם׃

Hebrew (Masoretic text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

6 Church Fathers comment on this verse

John Chrysostom

4th centuryChurch Father

An alternative translator suggests: your arrival. Can you perceive the continuous support found at both the beginning and the end? What can possibly rival such profound love and compassion? The prophet encompasses all of life with these words, as life is fundamentally a series of beginnings and endings. To emphasize this, he states: 'from now to everlasting.' He speaks not of one day or even a few, but of a perpetual state, which contrasts the nature of humanity; people are often inconsistent, frequently shifting, and can experience abrupt changes—today a friend, tomorrow a foe, today supportive, tomorrow neglectful, and sometimes turning into adversaries who devise schemes even more treacherous than any enemy.

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However, the deeds of God are unalterable, enduring, eternal, steadfast, and boundless. To be worthy of such blessings, let us fulfill our responsibilities, thereby securing great assurance and future graces in Christ Jesus our Lord, to whom be glory forever and ever. Amen.

Augustine of Hippo

5th centuryChurch Father

Let them raise their gaze towards the mountains, from where their help comes. Psalm 120:1. What is conveyed by the phrase "The hills have been lightened”? The sun of righteousness has already risen; the message of the gospel has been proclaimed by the apostles, and the Scriptures have been shared. The hidden truths have been unveiled, the curtain has been torn, the innermost part of the temple has been opened. Therefore, let them finally lift their eyes to the hills from where their assistance is drawn. As John 1:16 states, "From His fullness we have all received." Your aid comes from Him—the One from whom the hills have drawn their sustenance—not from the hills themselves.

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Yet, unless you elevate your eyes through the Scriptures, you will not draw near enough to receive illumination from Him.

Thus, sing the following: if you wish to learn how to step securely upon the path, to prevent weariness in your ascent that could lead to stumbling and falling, pray with the words, “Let not my foot be shaken!” Psalm 120:3. What causes the feet to move; why was the foot of Him who was in Paradise shaken? But first, reflect on how the feet of one who was amongst the angels were shaken. When his feet faltered, he fell and turned from an angel into a devil; for he fell due to his pride. Therefore, pride is what causes the feet to stumble; it is pride alone that leads to a fall. Conversely, love compels them to walk, to grow, and to rise; pride leads them to their downfall. Hence, the psalmist, wishing to rise rather than fall, pleads with God to benefit from the trials of affliction, rather than succumb to the swelling of pride, saying: “Let not my feet be moved!” And God responds, “Let him who holds you back not sleep. Be vigilant, my beloved.” It is as if one thought is conveyed in two statements: the person, rising and singing the song of ascents, says, “Let not my foot be shaken.” And it appears as though God replies, “You say to me, 'Let not my foot be shaken'; remain awake, and your foot shall not falter.”

Choose Him who neither sleeps nor slumbers, and your foot shall stand firm. God never slumbers: if you seek a guardian who remains ever vigilant, choose God as your protector. You say, “Do not let my feet be shaken”; that is agreeable, but He also instructs you not to fall asleep yourself. Maybe you were about to seek men as your guardians and ask, “Who will not slumber? Which individual will remain alert?” The psalmist answers, “He that keeps Israel shall neither slumber nor sleep” Psalm 120:4. Would you desire a keeper who does not sleep? Behold, He who protects Israel never slumbers, for Christ watches over Israel. Therefore, be Israel. What does Israel signify? It is interpreted as “Seeing God.” And how does one behold God? First through faith, then through vision. If you have not yet seen Him with your eyes, then see Him by faith.

Who among men does not slumber or sleep? If you look for such one among people, you will be misled; you will never find him. Therefore, do not put your hope in humanity, for every man sleeps and slumbers. When does he sleep? When he wears the flesh of weakness. When will he sleep? At the moment of death. Hence, do not rely on mankind. Mortal beings may slumber; they die in sleep.

And who, you may ask, will aid me, other than He who neither slumbers nor sleeps? Hear this: “The Lord Himself is your keeper” Psalm 120:5. Thus, it is not man who sleeps, but the Lord who preserves you. How does He guard you? “The Lord is your defense at your right hand.” There seems to be a deeper meaning here; otherwise, He would simply have declared, "The Lord will keep you," without any qualifiers regarding the right hand. For how long? Does God only protect our right hand and not our left? Did He not create us wholly? Did not He who fashioned our right hand also make our left? If it pleases Him to mention only the right, why did He state “your right hand” rather than just “the left”? This suggests a hidden understanding to be searched for, like knocking at a door to find it. He could have simply said, “The Lord will keep you,” or concluded with more than just referring to "the right hand."

How do you interpret the Gospel where it states, "Let not your left hand know what your right hand is doing"? Matthew 6:3. Understanding this will reveal what the right hand signifies and what the left signifies. Moreover, it will clarify that God created both hands. The left hand symbolizes our temporal possessions; the right hand represents all that the Lord promises, which is unchangeable and eternal. If He who grants eternal life also provides for our present existence with temporal goods, then He is the Creator of both our right and left hands.

Let us now turn to the verse, “The Lord is your defense at your right hand” Psalm 120:5. By "hand," the psalmist refers to power. How can this be proven? Because the power of God is also known as His hand. Of this, John mentions, "He gave them power to become sons of God" John 1:12. From whence have you received this power? "By those who believe in His Name," he asserts. Therefore, if you believe, you have been granted the very power to be among the sons of God. To belong among the sons of God is to dwell at His right hand. Thus, your faith serves as the hand of your right hand—the power bestowed upon you to become a son of God, is indeed the hand of your right hand.

May the Lord preserve you on the hand of your right hand Psalm 120:6. I affirm this, and I believe you have recognized it. For had you not gleaned understanding from the Scriptures, you would not have been able to articulate it with your voices. Since you understand what follows, the Lord preserves you on the arm of your right hand—in your faith—through which we have received power to be His sons and to sit at His right hand. Why does God protect us? Because of offenses. From where do offenses arise? Offenses must be feared from both sides, for there are two commandments on which all the Law and the Prophets depend: love for God and love for neighbor. Matthew 22:37-40. The Church is cherished for the sake of the neighbor, and God for His own sake. God is likened to the sun, while the Church is akin to the moon.

Anyone perhaps mistaken in their understanding of God—as not believing that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are of one essence—has been deceived by the cunning of heretics, especially the Arians. If one believes in the Son or the Holy Spirit less than in the Father, he has erred before God; he is scorched by the sun. Who would believe that the Church exists only in one area, rather than being dispersed throughout the world? Who would accept those who proclaim, "Here and there is Christ" Matthew 24:23, as you have only now heard when the Gospel was read? For He who paid such a great price has redeemed the entire world: it seems He is offended at His neighbor, and thus is burned by the moon. Therefore, anyone who is misled in the very essence of truth is scorched by the sun and burns continually, for he is mistaken in Wisdom itself.

Thus, God created the one sun that rises over both the good and the wicked alike; this sun is perceived by all. However, this sun is another—uncreated and eternal—through which all things were made; it is where the mind of Immutable Truth resides. Those who do not experience confusion in Wisdom itself are not scorched by the sun. Those who do not stumble in relation to the Church, the Flesh of the Lord, and what was created for us in time, are not burned by the moon. But every person, even if they believe in Christ, is misguided in some manner unless that which is requested here is fulfilled in them: “The Lord is your defense at the hand of your right hand.” He further states, “Lest the sun scorch you by day and the moon by night” Psalm 120:6. So, your defense is at your right hand, to prevent the sun from scorching you by day and the moon by night. Now, understand, brethren, this is said in a figurative manner. Indeed, when considering the visible sun, it burns during the day; does the moon really burn at night? What then causes the burn? It is sin. Listen to the Apostle's words: “Who is weak, and I am not weak? Who is offended, and I do not burn?” 2 Corinthians 11:29.

For the Lord will keep you from all evil Psalm 120:7. He will shield you from the afflictions of the sun, from the offenses of the moon, from all forms of evil. He will guard you, your protector on the arm of your right hand, who neither sleeps nor slumbers. And why does He do this? Because we are amidst temptation; the Lord shall keep you from all evil. The Lord will preserve your soul, your very being. The Lord will keep your comings and goings from this time forth and forevermore Psalm 120:8. It's not your physical body He preserves; martyrs may be burnt in their bodies, but the Lord will safeguard your soul, for martyrs did not forsake their souls. The persecutors hardened their hearts against Crispina, whose feast we celebrate today; they raged against this noble and wealthy woman. Yet, she stood firm, for the Lord was her defender at the arm of her right hand. He was her Guardian. Is there anyone in Africa, my brothers, who is unaware of her? For she was renowned, noble in lineage, wealthy, but these possessions were as her left hand, beneath her head. The enemy approached to strike her on the head, yet her left hand, resting under her head, deflected the blow. Her head was raised high, her right hand embraced her from above.

Theodoret of Cyrus

5th centuryChurch Father

Through these words, the Prophet conveyed the entirety of God's guidance, through which we triumph over adversaries that trouble us and evade the traps laid by both seen and unseen foes.

Euthymios Zigabenos

11th centuryCommentator

The Lord, it follows, will safeguard you as you enter His dwelling and as you leave it, meaning He will protect your entire life and fellowship, along with all your good deeds. Alternatively, it may be interpreted that God will watch over both your entrance into this existence, which is your birth, and your exit from it, which signifies your death and ultimate end, encompassing your entire life. The journey of human life can be seen as a series of entrances and exits, and it is in these that life unfolds. Thus, He will look after you from this point forward and throughout every moment of your life.

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According to another understanding, these words signify that our soul requires divine preservation not only at all times, but especially during the moment of transition from this life to the heavenly kingdom, or when moving away from wrongdoing and toward righteous deeds. For what value does a journey hold if one falters and is lost midway? It is stated, “You shall not call a man blessed before his death” (Sir. 11:28). As Gregory of Nyssa remarked: indeed, this departure, along with the entrance, is protected by God for the righteous, for our departure from this world leads to greater blessings. This exodus is undertaken by the one guided by Him who proclaimed: “I am the way and I am the door; whoever enters through Me will be saved,” allowing one to transition from evil to good, from ignorance to understanding, and to progress continually from one virtue to another, ever moving forward into the higher realms through achievements and continually stepping beyond what remains.

Chrysostom illustrates the constant divine assistance given in our entering and exiting. What can rival such love and compassion? Theodoret expresses that these words encapsulate God's comprehensive concern, which empowers us to overcome malevolent foes and evade the traps set by both visible and invisible adversaries.

Irenaeus (Klementjewsky)

18th centuryCommentator

The prophet concludes the psalm by providing the final and most treasured comfort, indicating that the faithful seeker of God, who has set his heart on ascent, will be safeguarded not merely for part of his journey but throughout its entirety. Every journey involves an entrance and an exit; for instance, when traveling a considerable distance, we enter a hotel, subsequently leaving it only to enter another, and so on. Similarly, we may enter a city or a dwelling, depart, enter yet another, and continue this pattern until we arrive at our true homeland. This principle applies to the journey of life, which we embark upon, persevere in, and ultimately complete; for beginning correlates with entering, and fulfillment aligns with departing.

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The phrase, “From now until everlasting,” conveys the same idea of preservation from this moment onward eternally, as if it were said, "May the Lord guard your coming in and your going out, starting now and forevermore." The terms of entrance and exit can represent the commencement and conclusion of all our actions, or indeed the entirety of human existence, as reflected in the statement: from the time the Lord Jesus came to be with us and departed (Acts 1:21), marking the moment He began His presence among us.

Psalter with Commentaries (Cave Monastery in Kiew)

19th centuryCommentator

Mountains symbolize the pinnacle of prophecy regarding the mystery of Christ’s incarnation. A believer gazing at the mountain, spiritually perceives the heights of heaven with Christ, the Redeemer of humanity. Many have committed the Gospel and the Psalms to memory, striving to fulfill God’s will through virtue and repentance. Christ the Redeemer, the Creator of both heaven and earth, stands as the Protector of the faithful against both spiritual and physical adversaries. This divine assistance is accessed through constant prayer: “Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on me, a sinner.” Human desires can lead the heart astray; however, the Compassionate God guides them towards virtue, steering them away from sin.

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Exercise wisdom in your thoughts: if Christ, though All-Powerful, sought refuge in Egypt from Herod, let the reckless be wary of embracing temptation, for it is written: do not let your feet be troubled - and the guardian angel assigned to you will remain untroubled. All actions should be directed towards the glory of God and for the salvation of the soul, that God’s name may be hallowed and His will fulfilled. God’s unwavering vigilance signifies His constant care for the salvation of the true believer, ensuring that none are lost. The right hand symbolizes the domain of the righteous, to which the faithful, under God’s protection from malevolent spirits, aspire. Daylight represents a time of abundance, serving as a reminder of the rich man in the Gospel who endures torment in Gehenna. Night signifies a period of tribulations, during which we recall Lazarus the beggar; his trials transformed into everlasting comfort. The Entry represents Christ’s Incarnation through the Most Holy Virgin, while the Exodus signifies His nativity, eternally preserved and beyond human comprehension. The prophet joyfully praises the piety of the Israelites, who traveled from far lands to Jerusalem for prayer at the Divine House. The holy city, renowned for its magnificent architecture and the harmony of its faithful, shines with the glory of a righteous king and his just rule, reflecting the piety of Christ’s faithful who cherish the luminous holy church, built by divine grace and adorned with the precious blood of Christ the Redeemer, through which the faithful ascend to their heavenly homeland after this life. By the illumination of the Holy Spirit, the prophet rejoices in Christ the Redeemer, the doorway for the faithful into the house of the Kingdom of Heaven. The Old Testament Church upheld the Law of Moses, while Christ our God liberated Adam from hell, emptying its depths. He established the New Testament Church, and the Holy Spirit guides the faithful into adoption.

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.