The Church Fathers on this verse

Psalm 126 (125):2Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

Then was our mouth filled with gladness; and our tongue with joy. Then shall they say among the Gentiles: The Lord hath done great things for them.

Douay-Rheims · Hebrew numbering, Septuagint numbering in brackets.

אָ֤ז יִמָּלֵ֪א שְׂח֡וֹק פִּינוּ֮ וּלְשׁוֹנֵ֢נוּ רִ֫נָּ֥ה אָ֭ז יֹאמְר֣וּ בַגּוֹיִ֑ם הִגְדִּ֥יל יְ֝הוָ֗ה לַעֲשׂ֥וֹת עִם־אֵֽלֶּה׃

Hebrew (Masoretic text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

8 Church Fathers comment on this verse · 9 commentaries

John Chrysostom

4th centuryChurch Father

The joy of liberation from bondage is a significant aspect of transformation for the better. However, one might ask who wouldn't celebrate such a change? The ancestors, upon their exodus from Egypt and liberation from oppression, exhibited profound ingratitude even amidst the very blessings received, grumbling, expressing dissatisfaction, and persistently complaining. In contrast, the speaker asserts, we are not like that; we exult and take pleasure in our deliverance.

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The foundation of our joy is articulated clearly; we delight not merely due to our escape from adversity but also because it will become evident to all that God has provided for us: “then they said among the nations, ‘Great things the Lord has done for them.’” Truly, “Great things the Lord has done for us.” The repeated declaration serves not without reason but to emphasize the immense joy experienced. Some expressions belong to the Gentiles, while others are attributed to the Israelites. Notably, they do not proclaim, ‘saved us’ or ‘delivered us,’ but rather ‘created,’ intending with this term to convey the uniqueness of God's marvelous work. Have you noticed, as I've frequently mentioned, that through this people, the entirety of creation was instructed when they endured captivity and eventually returned? Their very restoration acted as a proclamation, as news of their return spread far and wide, revealing God's humanity to all. The wonders performed through them were truly remarkable and extraordinary. Even Cyrus, who held them captive, released them without anyone pleading for their freedom; God softened his heart, and he allowed their departure not merely but with gifts and offerings.

Augustine of Hippo

5th centuryChurch Father

Our mouths were filled with joy, and our tongues with gladness. How is it, my brethren, that the mouth, which is part of our physical body, can truly overflow with joy? Typically, it is only filled with food, drink, or whatever passes through it. While we occasionally have a mouthful, it’s unnecessary to share that with your holiness; when the mouth is full, words cannot escape. Yet, we possess an inner mouth, found in the heart; what emerges from there can either corrupt us if it is wicked, or sanctify us if it is good. You heard these inner voices when the Gospel was proclaimed. The Pharisees criticized our Lord because His disciples dined without washing their hands.

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They chastised those who merely appeared righteous externally yet were corrupt on the inside; they condemned those whose virtue existed solely in the sight of men. However, the Lord sought our inner goodness; if that exists, outward goodness must follow. He said, Cleanse what is within, and the outside will also be clean (Matt. 23:26). The Lord further instructed: Offer better alms, and behold, everything will be clean for you (Luke 11:41). Where do these alms originate? From the heart. If you extend your hand in charity without genuine remorse in your heart, your act is empty; however, if your heart feels sorrow even when you have nothing to give, the Lord accepts your offering. Yet those unrighteous individuals pursued external cleanliness. Among them was a Pharisee who invited the Lord to a meal. During this gathering, a notorious sinful woman approached Him, washing His feet with her tears, drying them with her hair, and anointing them with oil. The Pharisee, who had only an outward appearance of righteousness but a heart filled with corruption, thought to himself, If He were a prophet, He would know what kind of woman was at His feet. Why did he question whether He truly knew? Because he presumed that the Lord was unaware, believing that the Lord would reject her. Had such a woman approached the Pharisee, he would have been outraged, pushing her away, fearing the defilement of his supposed purity. Since the Lord did not turn her away, the Pharisee concluded that He lacked knowledge of her character. Yet, the Lord understood her completely and discerned his thoughts. If physical contact bears any significance, O unclean Pharisee, would the woman's touch sully the Lord's flesh, or would it purify the woman instead? The Healer permitted the sick woman to reach out to the remedy. Recognizing the Healer, she, who was lost in her sin, became even bolder in her pursuit of salvation. She entered a house uninvited, bringing her wounds to where the Healer was reclined. The one who invited the Healer believed himself to be whole and thus in no need of healing. You are aware of what transpired next in the Gospel: how the Pharisee faltered when the Lord confirmed His knowledge of the woman and her thoughts. Now, let us return to the passage from the Gospel that ties directly to our verse about how our mouths were filled with joy and our tongues with gladness. We must consider, what mouth and what tongue are we discussing? Pay attention, beloved brethren. The Lord was questioned over His disciples eating with unwashed hands. In response, He declared to the crowd: Listen, everyone, and take heed! What enters the mouth does not defile a man, but what comes out of it does. What is the implication of this? When He spoke of what enters the mouth, He was referencing the physical mouth alone. Food passes into the mouth, and it does not make one unclean because all things are pure for those who are clean, and God’s creations are good; nothing is to be rejected if it is received with gratitude (1 Tim. 4:4). The Jews were given figurative references that were labeled unclean (Lev. 11:1 ff.). Yet now that the True Light has arrived, these shadows are dispelled; we no longer abide by the letter of the law but instead live in spirit. The burden of the law that weighed heavily on the Jews does not apply to Christians, for the Lord declared, My yoke is easy and My burden is light (Matt. 11:30). The Apostle states as well that to the pure, all things are pure; but to the impure and disobedient, nothing is pure, as their minds and consciences are corrupted (Titus 1:15). What does this clarify? To the pure, both bread and pork are considered clean; to the impure, neither is clean. To the impure and disobedient, nothing is pure. Why is this? Because their thoughts and consciences are tainted; if the inner self is unclean, the outer cannot be pure. Therefore, since those whose inner lives are unclean cannot have clean outer actions, to purify the outward, one must first cleanse the inward. Within, you harbor a mouth filled with joy even in silence; when your heart rejoices and you maintain silence, your very spirit cries out to God. However, consider why you rejoice. If your joy stems from worldly pursuits, you cry out to God with tainted joy; but if your joy is rooted in redemption as articulated in this Psalm, When the Lord restored the fortunes of Zion, we rejoiced, your mouth is truly filled with joy and your tongue with gladness. It is evident that you rejoice in hope, and your joy is welcomed by God. With this joy, or these inner mouths, we partake and are nourished: just as the physical mouth sustains the body, the inner mouth nourishes the spirit. Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they shall be satisfied (Matt. 5:6). If only what emerges from the mouth can defile, and the Lord’s teaching clarifies that He speaks of the physical mouth, it becomes ludicrous to suggest that a person is rendered unclean, not by eating, but by expelling it. For the Lord teaches: It is not what goes into the mouth that defiles a man, but what comes out of it (Matt. 15:1-20; Mk. 7:5-23). Therefore, while you consume food, you remain clean; it is in the act of expelling that one becomes defiled. Similarly, when you drink, you are not made unclean, but if you were to spit, you become unclean. Indeed, in spitting, something exits the mouth; in drinking, something enters. What did the Lord mean when He stated: What enters the mouth does not defile a man, but what comes out does? Another Evangelist elaborated, explaining precisely what proceeds from the mouth, underscoring that He is addressing the heart and not the visible mouth. He said, For out of the heart come evil thoughts, fornication, murder, slander; these are the things that defile a man, while eating with unwashed hands does not (Matt. 15:1-20; Mk. 7:5-23). And how do all these things emerge from the mouth, my brethren, if not because they originate from the heart, as the Lord notes? It is therefore not the words spoken that defile us. Let no one claim that when we articulate our thoughts, we release all these things, for words originate from the mouth, and when we speak ill, we become impure. What if another remains silent but harbors evil thoughts? Is that person clean simply because they do not vocalize their thoughts? No, God hears the inner conversations of the heart. Now, dear brethren, heed my words carefully. I mention ‘theft,’ and by naming it, does it taint me? Realize, it has emerged from my mouth without making me unclean. Conversely, the thief who prowls at night says nothing, choosing silence to hide his misdeeds. Is he considered pure just because he doesn't speak? I assert further, even if he lies in bed, he has not yet committed the act, waits for others to slumber, yet he is already guilty before God; the criminal spirit has already manifested in his heart. When does an action emerge? It arises from a heart intent on wrongdoing. You decide, express, and then act. If you outwardly refrain from theft, it may well be that the one you contemplated stealing from is undeserving; they lose nothing, but you are nonetheless guilty of theft. If one secretly intends to murder, they have already enacted murder in their heart; that person may remain unpunished in human terms, but they stand condemned before God. The essence lies in who you truly are before the Lord, not merely in how you appear to others. Hence, we must acknowledge the existence of both a heart's mouth and a heart's tongue. It is through these inner faculties that we are filled with joy, and we pray to God inwardly even when our lips are sealed; our conscience remains open. In stillness, we cry out, but for whom? Not for human ears, but for God's. Be assured—you are heard by Him who hears your innermost thoughts. Conversely, just because no human hears the evil from your mouth, do not presume silence grants you peace; the Judge hears all. The unjust judges ignored Susanna; she remained silent and prayed. Her lips did not convey her plight to men, yet her heart beseeched God (Dan. 13:35). Was she not deserving of being heard because her voice did not escape her physical mouth? She was heard; when she prayed, no one among the people knew. So, beloved, reflect upon what resides in your inner mouths. Ensure you harbor no evil sentiments inwardly and that your outward actions are devoid of wrongdoing, for it is only through one’s actions that one can communicate outwardly. Guard your heart’s mouth from iniquity, and you will stand blameless; your physical tongue will remain pure, as will your hands, eyes, and ears. All your members will engage in righteous endeavors, guided by the righteous Commander reigning in your heart.

Let us consider how humanity fell into bondage, as the Apostle Paul illustrates. He states, "For we know that the law is spiritual, but I am carnal, sold under sin" (Romans 7:14). This reveals the source of our captivity: we were sold under sin. Who was responsible for this? We ourselves, having consented to the deceiver. We could sell ourselves but could not redeem ourselves. We surrendered to sin's consent and are liberated through righteous faith. The sacrificial blood of the innocent was shed for our redemption. What blood was shed in pursuit of righteousness? It was indeed the blood of the righteous—those prophets, holy men, our ancestors, and martyrs, whose lineage is rooted in sin. One blood was shed by the Unjust, born of the righteous; in shedding that blood, he lost those he had held captive. Those for whom innocent blood was offered have now been redeemed, and upon returning from captivity, they sing this psalm.

"When the Lord restored the fortunes of Zion, we were like those who dreamed" (Psalm 126:1). This indicates the joy we experienced when the Lord brought back Zion from captivity. What does Zion represent? It signifies Jerusalem, the eternal Zion. How can Zion be eternal and yet held captive? It is bound by eternal angels and the captives within. Not all residents of that city are in bondage; rather, it is those who are separated from it who are captive. A citizen of Jerusalem, sold into sin, becomes a wanderer. From these citizens, the human race was born, and the captivity of Zion spread across the earth. How does this captivity of Zion reflect the true Jerusalem? The shadow of that Zion, which was given to the Jews as a symbol, was in captivity in Babylon, until after seventy years the people returned to their land.

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Athanasius the Great

4th centuryChurch Father

Then the nations will proclaim, "The Lord has been exalted." This demonstrates that we are held in high esteem by all. For everyone is in awe of the marvelous deeds of God, who has freed us from our relentless oppression. We raise our voices in lament (for we are truly aware of our plight), even though our other siblings have not been restored to us. We plead, saying, "Restore us, O Lord, as the streams of the south."

Theodoret of Cyrus

5th centuryChurch Father

Our mouths overflowed with joy, and our tongues resounded with delight. In our joyful state, we instinctively began to sing. Aquila interpreted this joyfulness as praise, while Symmachus referred to it as blessing. Then among the nations, they declared, ‘The Lord has exalted His name in what He has done for them. This has brought us honor in the eyes of many, as they marvel at this mighty act of God — our liberation from a life of bitter enslavement. We proclaim, ‘The Lord has lifted up what He has accomplished among us; we rejoiced as we rejoiced. Our mouths overflowed with joy, and our tongues resounded with delight. In our joyful state, we instinctively began to sing. Aquila interpreted this joyfulness as praise, while Symmachus referred to it as blessing.

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Then among the nations, they declared, ‘The Lord has exalted His name in what He has done for them. This has brought us honor in the eyes of many, as they marvel at this mighty act of God — our liberation from a life of bitter enslavement. We proclaim, ‘The Lord has lifted up what He has accomplished among us; we were glad in our gladness.

Euthymios Zigabenos

11th centuryCommentator

Then our mouths were filled with joy, and our tongues with gladness. Upon our return, as we came back to our homeland, Jerusalem, our voices overflowed with joyful expressions, reflecting our inner delight; our tongues were filled with rejoicing, echoing the prophetic voice of David who speaks of future events as if they are part of the past. Theodoret mentions that, filled with jubilation, we raised our voices in song: for Aquila interprets joy as praise, while Symmachus translates it as blessing.

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Just as the people of Israel joyfully departed to Jerusalem after long oppression, so too, the people of God, who were once not considered a people but later recognized as the people of God—namely, the Christian Gentiles—have been liberated from the evils of idolatry and have returned to the heavenly city of Jerusalem and the Church of God. Likewise, each of us, having received freedom from our desires, escaping the shackles of sin and the evil spirit, returns rejoicing to Jerusalem, the city of purity. Origen notes that these words foreshadow the declarations of the Apostles regarding themselves and their communities, while also offering guidance to those from the Gentiles, instructing them to proclaim, "The Lord hath magnified to do with us," and to express gratitude, "The Lord hath magnified to do with them." When we sat by the rivers of Babylon, we wept; but when the Lord restored the fortunes of Zion, our mouths were filled with joy. Bezimenny states that as we fulfill this promise: "I said, I will keep my ways that I will not sin with my tongue," our mouths will indeed be filled with joy. So it was that Philip's mouth was filled with joy when he began with the words, "As a sheep led to the slaughter," and proclaimed Jesus to the Ethiopian Eunuch. Then this message was shared among the Gentiles. They will observe us among the nations, witnessing our remarkable return to our homeland, and they will express their astonishment with the words: "The Lord has magnified (the work), to do (mercy) with them." The Gentiles will exclaim about us, the Jews, that God has performed great deeds, showing favor to His people. At this point, He turns to the Jews who proclaim these things.

Irenaeus (Klementjewsky)

18th centuryCommentator

Joy from within blossomed into joy on the outside, evident in both expression and speech. The announcement of Israel's deliverance sparked this joy not only among those who experienced freedom but also among the surrounding nations, who marveled, saying, 'The Lord has magnified His work among them, His chosen people.' Although Cyrus also granted release to the captives, it was clear to all that this act was in accordance with divine will. Firstly, the liberation occurred precisely at the time that God had foretold through Jeremiah, after a span of seventy years. Secondly, Cyrus himself, as documented in 1 Ezra 1, acknowledges that his rule over the kingdom of Egypt was established by God, who also mandated that he rebuild the temple in Jerusalem and set the people free.

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Lastly, from a human perspective, it seemed improbable that any king would willingly release a multitude of captives without demanding a ransom, and furthermore, provide them with abundant gifts. Therefore, it is justly declared by all that this remarkable blessing is attributed to God's providence.

Ireneus (Orda)

19th centuryCommentator

The insights shared regarding Psalm 84 also pertain to this particular psalm. It was composed following the period of captivity, at a moment when the initial returnees faced numerous hardships and the land remained desolate, still sparsely populated. This led to a plea for God to bring additional captives back to their homeland, hoping that His compassion would flow into the holy ground like abundant streams (v. 4). Those who suffered through the trials of captivity recall the joy they felt when God, via Cyrus, released them (v.1). The term "return captivity" in this context is understood abstractly, representing a turning of the captives towards their homeland, as they now face away from foreign lands.

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Comforted and uplifted, they experienced a renewal akin to those who have received solace. In Hebrew, it expresses that they were "like those dreaming," indicating their astonishment at the reality of their freedom, as if it were merely a dream; they reminisce about their triumph and how even the nations were astonished by the extraordinary liberation of Israel (v.2). The returnees gratefully acknowledge that their release from captivity was a significant act of God, bringing them immense joy (v.3). However, their happiness was tempered by the fact that few had returned, giving the impression that captivity continued; thus, they prayed for a larger portion of those still captive to come home (v.4). Just as the dry southern regions long for the annual return of life-giving streams after the harvest, they desired the captive Israelites to return to Palestine, which eagerly awaited their presence. If "εν τω νότο" refers to the southern wind, the implication is a call for the return of captives akin to the rains that bring forth refreshing streams. The prayer is accompanied by the affirmation that God will transform the present pain of His people into joy, with the certainty that sowing will soon yield a harvest (vv. 5-6). Verses 5 and 6 express universal truths while connecting to Israel’s specific situation concerning a failed harvest and the sorrowful sowing that followed (Haggai 2ff.). This imagery invokes the farmer’s anxiety about the forthcoming fruit during sowing and the joy that accompanies a bountiful harvest, rewarding his labor and diligence. "Πορευόμενοι επαρευοντο" suggests a gradual, deliberate walking of the sower, while "ερκόμενοι υξουσιν" implies a more energetic return.

Psalter with Commentaries (Cave Monastery in Kiew)

19th centuryCommentator

Through the Holy Spirit, the prophet announces the joy of the people of Israel as they return from exile to Jerusalem, highlighting the mercy of God Almighty. He predominantly conveys the joy experienced by humanity, liberated from the bondage of idols, and ascending towards the heavenly Jerusalem by the grace of Christ the Lord, who provides solace to the hearts of His faithful, offering comfort eternally (2 Thess. 2:16). Those who have returned from the tyranny of demons into the freedom found in the grace of Christ, the true God, are genuinely uplifted. The Body and Blood of Christ serve as sustenance for the faithful, who, in a spirit of triumph, thank Christ their Savior.

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Outsiders marveled at the great grace revealed by Christ the Lord, and some among them embraced the faith of the holy, proudly sharing their experience of receiving the Most Blessed Sacrament, prompting others towards unity in faith in Christ, the true God. The tongues also symbolize the unseen realities of demon influence. An ascetic understands his liberation from demonic bondage when his thoughts and dreams cease to lead him astray (Chrysostom, Ignatius). The flow signifies holy baptism, while the south represents the grace of the Holy Spirit, which frees those baptized into Christ from the chains of original sin. Blessed are those who mourn over their sins, for they shall receive comfort in eternal life. This is the reward of their tears. Just as the earth requires tilling, the soul demands labor and prayer to confront temptations and tribulations, softening its hardness so as not to succumb to pride. The virtues sown by the faithful yield fruit for salvation, nurtured through reverence for God and tears.

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.