The Church Fathers on this verse

Psalm 139 (138):7Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

Whither shall I go from thy spirit? or whither shall I flee from thy face?

Douay-Rheims · Hebrew numbering, Septuagint numbering in brackets.

אָ֭נָ֥ה אֵלֵ֣ךְ מֵרוּחֶ֑ךָ וְ֝אָ֗נָה מִפָּנֶ֥יךָ אֶבְרָֽח׃

Hebrew (Masoretic text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

8 Church Fathers comment on this verse · 9 commentaries

John Chrysostom

4th centuryChurch Father

The terms ‘Spirit’ and ‘face’ refer to God Himself, highlighting the question of where one might escape from His presence. You fill all creation, being omnipresent, not partially, but fully and instantly. By enumerating heights, depths, breadths, and lengths, it is evident that God is everywhere. He does not say, ‘Wherever I go, You will follow me and protect me,’ but rather, ‘Wherever I go, You are there,’ indicating that He is found in every place ahead of me. This is why it is asserted, ‘I cannot approach Him; I cannot fully understand Him.’ If you do not have complete knowledge of Him, how can you recognize His wondrous nature? It is because He surpasses my comprehension and transcends my thoughts.

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Just as we cannot fully grasp the brilliance of sunlight yet are awed by it, so it is with our understanding of God. Our knowledge of Him is not absolute; we recognize Him as human, good, merciful, gracious, and omnipresent, yet the essence of His being, the extent of these attributes, and how He exists everywhere remains beyond our grasp.

After expressing the difficulties of comprehending God, including His foreknowledge, creation, providence, and the unfathomable nature of His existence, the prophet speaks of another aspect of divine power that inspires awe and rational contemplation: ‘Your hand shall lead me, and Your right hand shall uphold me.’ This indicates that You can sustain those who endure trials, allowing them, even while facing hardships, not to be fatigued by their afflictions.

On verse 8, see also the interpretation of Psalm 138:6.

Cyrill of Alexandria

5th centuryChurch Father

When the Spirit is referred to as the face of the Father, indicating His divine activity that reflects the essence from which He originates, and is also called the hand due to the omnipotent force inherent in Him, how could He possibly be anything less than God? He is essentially united with the Father, from whom and through whom His existence is derived, much like how a hand is intrinsically linked to the human body, remaining naturally integrated and deeply rooted within it. This discussion draws attention to the fact that the Spirit is indeed God and operates with the same potency as the Son, maintaining no separation from His divine essence. Furthermore, it is emphasized that when it is stated that God resides within us, it is the Spirit who embodies this indwelling.

Augustine of Hippo

5th centuryChurch Father

If the Father resides in heaven while the Son walks on earth, how can the Father also be in companionship with the Son? This is possible because both the Father and the Son are omnipresent; God’s existence is not confined to heaven alone, leaving earth vacant. Listen to the one who sought to escape the judgment of God without success: “Where can I go from Your Spirit? Where can I flee from Your presence? If I ascend to heaven, You are there” (Psalm 138:7). Our inquiry pertains to the earthly realm. But consider the subsequent declaration: “If I make my bed in Sheol, You are there” (Psalm 138:8). If His presence extends even into the depths of hell, is there any place in creation where He is absent?

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As indicated in Jeremiah 23:24, this is the voice of the Lord, proclaiming through the prophet, “I fill the heavens and the earth.” Therefore, He is universally present and unrestricted. Do not turn away from Him; He remains with you. If you desire to approach Him, let not your heart linger in indifference. You draw near to Him not by physical movement but through your affections. You can come to Him while remaining in your current place if you hold faith and love in your heart. Thus, He is indeed everywhere. And if He is everywhere, how could He not be present with the Son? Can He, who is with you if you believe, ever be distant?

Our Lord Jesus Christ addresses us through the Prophets, sometimes in His own voice and at other times in ours, as He unites Himself with us, as it is written, "the two shall be one flesh." This is why in the Gospels, when discussing marriage, the Lord states they are no longer two but one flesh. One flesh, for due to our mortality, He took on human form; not one deity, as He is the Creator and we are created beings. Therefore, whatever our Lord articulates as the Flesh He assumed applies both to the Head who has ascended to heaven and to those members still enduring their earthly struggles. Let us listen to our Lord Jesus Christ speaking in the prophecies. For the psalms were composed long before the Lord was born of Mary, yet not before He was acknowledged as Lord: for He was the Creator of all things from eternity, yet born in time of His creation. Let us have faith in this Divine nature and strive to comprehend Him as equal to the Father. This Divine nature, equal to the Father, shared in our mortal existence, taking on our humanity, so that we too might share in His Divine nature, not from our own but from His.

"Lord, Thou hast searched me, and known me" (Psalm 138:1). Let the Lord Jesus Christ declare this; let Him also address the Father: "Lord." For His Father is not merely His Lord, but He chose to be born according to the flesh. He is the Father of God, the Lord of Man. Do you understand to whom He is a Father? To the equal Son. The Apostle states, "Who, being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be equal with God" (Philippians 2:6-7). For this form signifies the Father, the Form equal to Himself, the only-begotten Son, who is begotten of His own essence. But for our benefit, so that we might be reshaped and partake in His Divine nature, being renewed for eternal life, He embraced our human condition. What does the Apostle declare about Him? He states: "But He emptied Himself, took upon Himself the form of a servant, and was made in the likeness of men, and was found in fashion as a man." He existed in the Form of God, equal to the Father, yet took on the form of a servant, thus becoming lesser than the Father...

"You have known my sitting down and my rising up" (Psalm 138:2). What does it mean to sit or to rise? He who sits humbles himself. The Lord then sat during His Passion and rose in His Resurrection. You knew it, meaning You willed it, You approved it; by Your will, it was enacted. If you choose to hear the words of the Head as expressed through the Body: a person sits when they humble themselves in repentance; they rise when their sins are forgiven, finding hope for eternal life. Do not elevate yourselves unless you have first humbled yourselves. Many wish to stand before they kneel, seeking to appear righteous without confessing their sins...

"You have understood my thoughts afar off; You have set a boundary for me" (Psalm 138:3); "You have seen all my ways before" (Psalm 138:4). What does afar off signify? While I am still on this pilgrimage, before reaching my true homeland, You have discerned my thoughts... The prodigal son went to a distant land. After enduring toil, suffering, sorrow, and need, he remembered his father and desired to return, saying, "I will arise and go to my father." He resolved to arise before he sat down. Here, you can identify him stating: "You knew my sitting down and my rising." I was seated in want; I arose desiring Your Bread. You have known my thoughts from afar. I journeyed far indeed, but where can I flee from Him whom I have forsaken? Thus the Lord says in the Gospel that his father came out to meet him as he walked. Truly, for He understood his thoughts from afar. "My way," he says; what could be worse than the way that led him away from his father...? What is my way? That through which I have traveled. What is my boundary? What I have achieved. You have traced my path and my limit. Yet this distance was not hidden from Your sight. I had traveled far, and yet You were there. "And all my ways You saw beforehand." He didn't simply say "saw"; He stated "saw in advance." Before I traversed them, before I entered into them, You saw them; and You allowed me to wander in labor, so that, if I dared not labor, I might return to Your ways. For there is no falsehood on my tongue. What did he mean by this? Behold, I confess to You, I have followed my own path, I have become distant from You, I have strayed from You, with whom it was good for me; and without You, my condition has worsened...

"Behold, O Lord, You know all my works" (Psalm 138:5). You knew my last actions when I tended to the swine; You recognized my past deeds when I requested my share of inheritance. The past actions led to the present sorrows; the ancient sin from our fall; the last punishment when we entered into this weary and dangerous existence. And if this is the end for us, it may also be so if we wish to return. There remains one last destiny for the wicked, to whom it shall be said, "Depart into everlasting fire" (Matthew 25:41)... You have created me and placed Your hand upon me. Crafted where? In this mortality; now to fulfill the purpose for which we all were created. For no one is born without God being his creator in his mother's womb; there is no being whose maker is not God. But You have fashioned me in this labor and imposed upon me Your guiding hand, humbling the proud. For He lowers the proud in a healing manner to uplift the humble...

"Your art has marvelously manifested itself in me; it has become strong; I cannot attain it" (Psalm 138:6). Listen closely, for what I am about to share is obscure yet rewarding in understanding. Moses, the holy servant of God, to whom God spoke through the cloud, did so because, from a human perspective, He needed to communicate to His servant through something created. He longed to witness the reality of God's presence and said to God, "If I have now found grace in Your eyes, show me Your glory" (Exodus 33:13). As he yearned for this and sought from God in a familiar manner, God replied: "You cannot see My face; for no man can see My face and live" (Exodus 33:20). But, "I will place you in the cleft of the rock, and I will pass by; and when I pass by, you shall see My back"—a figure revealing a mystery of truth. "When I pass by," says God, "you shall see My back"; as if He possessed a face on one side and a back on the other. We cannot fathom such majesty, for anyone who thinks of God in such terms constructs an idol in their heart. These words contain profound mysteries...

Those who were angered by the Lord they had seen now seek counsel for salvation; and it is said to them, "Repent and be baptized, every one of you, in the name of Jesus Christ, for the remission of sins" (Acts 2:38). Behold, they saw His back, whose face they could not perceive. For His hand was not forever upon their eyes; it was laid upon them only as He passed. After He departed, His hand was removed from their eyes. Once it was lifted, they asked the disciples: what shall we do? Initially cold, then warm; first angry, then fearful; first hard-hearted, then kind; first blind, then enlightened...

Behold, as a fugitive in a distant land, one cannot escape the gaze of the one from whom he flees. And where can he go when his boundaries are exhausted? Is that not what he says? "Where shall I go from Your Spirit?" (Psalm 138:7). Who in the world can escape that Spirit, which fills all things? "And where shall I hide from Your presence?" As he seeks a place to hide from God's wrath, what refuge will provide safety for a fugitive from God? Those who provide shelter for fugitives question from whom they fled, and if they discover someone enslaved by a less powerful master, they will protect him without fear, believing he poses no threat. However, when they learn of a formidable lord, they either refrain from offering refuge or do so with trepidation, for even a mighty man could be deceived. Where can one find a place free of God? Who can deceive God? Who is unseen by God? From whom does God not demand accountability? Where can that fugitive hide from the face of the Lord? He twists and turns, desperate for an escape.

"If I ascend to heaven, You are there; if I make my bed in hell, You are there" (Psalm 138:8). Finally, their wretched flight has made it clear that they cannot separate from Him whom they sought to flee. Behold! He is everywhere; my question remains—where shall I escape? He found guidance, leading him who now extends compassion... If I have sinned and descend into the depths of my transgressions, refusing to confess—thinking, "Who sees me?" (for who in Hades confesses to You?)—You are still present to bring judgment. Where can I hide from Your presence and not find You punishing? He devises a plan saying, "I will flee from Your face; I will escape from Your Spirit; that is, from Your righteous presence." But how? "If I take the wings of the morning and dwell in the uttermost parts of the sea" (Psalm 138:9). Even if I flee to the depths of the sea to escape Your divine gaze, will the One I am fleeing from not already be there...? For what is the end of the sea but the end of the world? Therefore, let us race ahead with hope and longing on the wings of dual love; let us find no peace except at the edges of the sea. For if we seek rest anywhere else, we will be thrown into the depths. Let us take flight to the far reaches of the sea, ascending on the wings of love; and in the meantime, let us run to God in hope, meditating upon Him at the other shore.

Now, listen to the One who can guide us there—the same One from whom we long to flee due to our anger. What follows? "And there Your hand shall lead me, and Your right hand shall uphold me" (Psalm 138:10). Let us reflect upon this, beloved brethren; may it be our hope and comfort. Let us reclaim the wings we lost through lust; for lust is the weight that has cast us down from our heavenly freedom, the Spirit of God’s light. As we fell, we lost our wings and have been ensnared, but He redeemed us with His blood, having escaped to where we once were captured. He provides us with the wings of His commandments; we shall lift them high, freed of weight...

Then we must have those wings; He must guide us, for He is our Helper. We have free will; but with this gift alone, what can we achieve unless He who commands aids us?

And reflecting on the length of the journey, what did he contemplate? "And I said, 'Perhaps darkness shall cover me.'"

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Theodoret of Cyrus

5th centuryChurch Father

Can a person on the run truly escape the gaze of the One who knows all things with absolute clarity? It is important to note that, in alignment with the teachings of the Prophet, both God and the Holy Spirit share the same divine effectiveness. “How shall I go from Thy Spirit,” he asks, “and from Thy face, how shall I flee?” Therefore, the one who possesses a singular effectiveness undoubtedly wields a singular power; and the one who has that power undoubtedly embodies a singular nature. Thus, there exists a unity of nature in both God and the Spirit.

Euthymios Zigabenos

11th centuryCommentator

Through the Spirit and the countenance of God, David acknowledges the Holy Spirit and, through the countenance of God, he recognizes the Son as the image of the Father and the embodiment of His essence; for He states, "he who has seen Me has seen the Father" (John 14:9). In referring to heaven, David signifies the highest and primordial heaven, which was created at the dawn of time, while he denotes hell as the lowest region within the earth. He further mentions the abyss and the depths of the sea, which symbolize all inaccessible realms beyond human reach.

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Regarding the Goldsmith: Behold how gracious the servant is! He expresses gratitude, declaring, "I thank Thee, O Lord, for You are my incomprehensible Master." He does not refer here to God's substance, which is undeniably incomprehensible, and thus does not include it. Instead, he speaks of God's omnipresence manifested through His power and providence, filling every space, highlighting that even this majesty of omnipresence is beyond his complete understanding. St. Cyril affirms: "Thou fulfil all things; Thou art present in all things, not just in specific instances, but in all universality."

Imagining the Spirit's power suffusing all creation, he asks, “Where shall I go from Thy Spirit?” The psalmist could not have claimed that the Spirit traverses all things in manifestation if he were merely a servant or a created being; he also designates Him as the face and hand of God. Who, then, could fail to recognize the divine splendor of this Spirit when he encounters the question, "Where shall I go from Thy Spirit?" Eusebius posits: If I fall into sin and must flee, where can I escape? And where shall I find refuge when, O God, You hold everything in Your grasp?

St. Gregory the Theologian observes that it is a daunting reality that God’s power cannot be eluded anywhere, whether one ascends to heaven, dwells in hell, escapes to the east, or seeks shelter in the depths of the sea. The Goldsmith remarks that he did not say, "Wherever I go, You follow," but rather, "Wherever I go, You are there," indicating that he is always already in Your presence. Gregory of Nyssa interprets that by the four corners of the world—the heights of heaven, the depths of hell, the east, and the bounds of the sea—he articulates the four cardinal points of existence.

The four extremities of the honest cross are portrayed: heaven and hell represent the vertical aspects, while east and west signify the horizontal. This is reflected in the dimensions of height, depth, length, and breadth, as mentioned by Paul in his letter to the Ephesians (Eph. 3:18). Theodoret notes that it is crucial to recognize that, according to this doctrine, God and the Holy Spirit share the same function. "Where shall I go from Thy Spirit, and where shall I flee from Thy presence?" When the persons are united in action, they also possess a singular power; and where there is one power, there exists one essence. Thus, God and the Spirit share one nature.

Furthermore, it is fitting to connect the expression regarding heaven, "Thou art there," and hell, "Thou art inherent;" for in heaven—among the angels residing there—He finds rest, yet He is also the essence permeating everything and all places, and, as the divine Apostle has said, in Him “we live and move and exist.”

Tichon of Zadonsk

18th centuryChurch Father

At times, one might express to another, “I cannot escape from you,” a sentiment frequently voiced by individuals. However, upon deeper reflection, this phrase is misattributed to mere mortals, regardless of their status. Even kings, with their far-reaching influence, can be eluded and concealed from, as experience shows. Only God possesses the honor of proclaiming, “I cannot escape from you.” No matter where we attempt to go, we cannot evade His presence, nor find solitude in our hiding places. He goes before us in every direction we think to run, and is present in every spot we wish to conceal ourselves. Are you at home? God is there. On the journey? God accompanies you. Have you arrived at your apartment? God is present there. In a city or a town? God is there.

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Should you flee to a desert or the corners of the earth, God is already there ahead of you. Do you consider hiding in the earth or the depths of the sea? Even there, He is with you. Do you think to hide from Him in the darkness of night? That is no refuge. We experience both day and night, light and shadow, yet in God, there is no darkness or night; there is only light and day. The gaze of God is infinitely “brighter than the sun, and scrutinizes all the paths of men, penetrating even the darkest corners” (Sir 23:27-28).

The psalmist realized that there is no place of escape or concealment from God, prompting him to cry out, “Where shall I go from Your Spirit, and where shall I flee from Your presence? If I ascend to heaven, You are there; if I make my bed in hell, You are there. If I take the wings of the morning and dwell in the utmost parts of the sea, even there shall Your hand lead me, and Your right hand shall hold me. I said, ‘Perhaps the darkness will cover me,’ but even the night shines like the day; darkness and light are both alike to You” (Psalm 138:7-12).

Once, the prophet Jonah attempted to evade the presence of the Lord, yet he was restrained by God’s guiding hand. He found himself in the belly of a great fish, but there, he was delivered to the earth by the very hand of God (Jonah 1:3, 2:1-11). There is no sanctuary from God. O wretched sinner! Where can you flee from the One who is omnipresent? Where can you hide from His all-seeing gaze? You should flee from His righteousness into His goodness, and from judgment into His mercy. “As is His majesty, so is His mercy” (Sirach 2:18). Seek refuge in faith within the compassionate wounds of Christ. This is the sanctuary to which believers take refuge, a place where they are safeguarded from God's wrath! O Jesus, “the sons of men find safety under the shelter of Your wings” (Psalm 35:8). Just as chicks are protected beneath a bird’s wings, so will sinners find refuge in Your goodness and compassion. “O Lord! You have been a refuge for us from generation to generation” (Psalms 89:2). “Come unto Me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest” (Matt. 11:28).

Irenaeus (Klementjewsky)

18th centuryCommentator

He presents an additional argument to support the earlier statement, emphasizing that no one can elude the all-knowing nature of God. God is present everywhere and encompasses all things, making any effort by humans to evade His sight futile. The Spirit is not merely referenced here for its power, as seen in other parts of the Scriptures, but also for its wisdom and omniscience. Just as the spirit serves as the dwelling place of the mind in a person, the Prophet applies this concept to God; this is made clearer in the latter part where "face" is used in place of "sight" or "eyes." The core message is that David is unable to identify any location where God does not perceive him or accompany him with His gaze.

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Therefore, he declares that even if he ascends to the heavens or conceals himself in the depths of the earth, God will locate him in both realms. The imagery of the dawn evokes a profound thought: as soon as the sun emerges on the horizon, its light rapidly radiates across the world in a swift, expansive flight. The concept suggests that while a person may attempt to match the speed of the sun’s rays, there is no refuge where he can escape from the might of God. The term "hand" signifies power here, implying that it is futile for individuals to try to hide from God’s gaze, as His omnipotent power ensures that no one can evade Him.

Sergius Ternowski

19th centuryCommentator

The all-knowing nature of God is inseparable from His omnipresence, and thus the holy prophet exalts this divine trait. He proclaims that there is no location where God is absent: should I ascend to heaven, You are there; should I descend to the grave, I will find You there. Whether I traverse the farthest corners of the earth or reside within its depths, Your presence fills every space, and Your right hand is always by my side. The prophet rejoices in the truth that God’s omniscience and omnipresence are in constant harmony, affirming that wherever he may go, he encounters the Lord.

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.