The Church Fathers on this verse

Psalm 140 (139):2Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

Deliver me, O Lord, from the evil man: rescue me from the unjust man.

Douay-Rheims · Hebrew numbering, Septuagint numbering in brackets.

חַלְּצֵ֣נִי יְ֭הוָה מֵאָדָ֣ם רָ֑ע מֵאִ֖ישׁ חֲמָסִ֣ים תִּנְצְרֵֽנִי׃

Hebrew (Masoretic text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

9 Church Fathers comment on this verse

John Chrysostom

4th centuryChurch Father

In addressing their wickedness, the prophet asserts, “they thought wickedness in their hearts, preparing themselves for battle every day.” Observe how challenging it is to defend against these beasts who harbor evil in their minds and scheme in secrecy. They “thought,” as he puts it, “in their hearts,” meaning they did not yet expose the malice, but rather nurtured it privately. Even more troubling is that their actions were not driven by passion or urgency; they approached their malevolence with care and intention. This is precisely what is signified by “thought,” characterized by diligence and meticulousness. “Every day they prepared for battles” signifies the entirety of their lives.

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The term “battles” here refers not to conventional engagements fought with weapons, but to underhanded schemes enacted in marketplaces and homes, where they do not don armor or carry shields, but employ cunning and wield words more biting than arrows. Their cruelty is not only evident in their treachery and hostility, always poised for conflict, but also in their relentless pursuit of malignity throughout their lives. If they truly sought to wage war, they would have had a righteous cause. They ought to have armed themselves against sins, contended with the devil, and battled the afflictions of the soul, sharpening their swords to confront demons. Yet they find no inclination for such a righteous fight, instead hurling their arrows at one another.

Augustine of Hippo

5th centuryChurch Father

Our Lord has commanded me, dear brethren, as the Lord of all, to help you grasp the meaning of this psalm according to God's will. May He guide your petitions so that I may communicate what is necessary for you to hear, enabling the word of God to be beneficial for all of us. For it is not beneficial to everyone, as not all possess faith.

I believe you understood the essence of this psalm when you sang it, as the Church of Christ stands amid the wicked, expressing its murmurs, groans, and prayers to God. In every prophetic utterance, the Church’s voice resonates with the pleas of one who is in need, yearning, and thirsting for righteousness, to whom a certain fullness is promised and awaits at the end.

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Toward the conclusion of the psalm, directed to David himself, the Apostle provides the only fitting resolution. Christ is indeed that conclusion, as stated in Romans 10:4. He descended from the lineage of David, not by His divine nature—being the Creator of David—but according to His humanity, hence He chose to be called David in prophetic reference. This psalm is sung unto David to capture the voice of His Body and to dwell within His Body. Let the words you have heard become your own as you join in prayer and utter the following.

“O Lord, rescue me from the wicked man,” (Psalm 139:1). This is a plea not just against a singular evil individual but against a class of evil, particularly their chief, who is the devil. Why mention man if the devil is intended? Because, metaphorically, he too is termed a man. Thus, being enlightened, not by our own insight but in the Lord (Ephesians 5:8), let us pray not only against those who dwell in darkness—those who are still troubled by the devil—but also against the devil himself, who stirs opposition among others.

The cry, “Deliver me from the wicked man,” is synonymous with deliverance from the unrighteous. He is identified as wicked due to his unrighteousness, dispelling any notion that any unrighteous person could be deemed good. Many unrighteous individuals appear harmless; they are not fierce nor savage, nor do they actively persecute or oppress. Yet, they remain unrighteous if they indulge in other sins, such as debauchery or drunkenness. So every unrighteous soul, regardless of demeanor, poses a threat. Those caught in their snares will discover harm masked as innocence. For, dear brethren, thorns do not prick at the root, yet the pain comes from their very foundation.

Beware of those who, although appearing gentle and kind, indulge in earthly pleasures; they are manifestations of defilement and lust. As members of the Body of Christ groaning amidst such wickedness, when you encounter those hastening towards sinful desires and deadly pleasures, reprimand them decisively and eradicate their influence. Remove the root so that thorns may not grow again. If you fail to act, they will be adversaries, silent in their enmity, but unable to love you. Thus, let neither your tongue nor heart hesitate to cry out to God: “Deliver me, O Lord, from the unrighteous man.”

“From those who devise unrighteousness in their hearts” (Psalm 139:2)... Rescue me from them, may Your strong hand be my ultimate deliverance. It’s easier to avoid a manifest enemy than it is to detect a deceitful one who hides malice beneath a facade of goodness. All day long they oppose me. What does this war entail? They are relentless in what they conspire against me, and from such hearts arise every battle a Christian must confront—rebellion, division, heresy, and violent opposition. With sweet words they feign peace, but their minds harbor conflict. “All day long” signifies a continual effort, without rest.

They have sharpened their tongues like serpents (Psalm 139:3). Consider the serpent, the most cunning of creatures, lurking silently. It lacks feet, rendering its approach unnoticeable, guiding its movements subtly yet deceitfully. Similarly, those who are treacherous hide their poison beneath smooth words. Preserve me, O Lord, from the hand of the sinner, from the unrighteous, deliver me (Psalm 139:4). Their true nature is unveiled, and there’s no need for discernment; only prayer is required when contending with such individuals.

Many delve into prayers against those who mean them harm, yet often misinterpret their intentions. Beware not merely of physical harm but be vigilant against those who may lead you astray from the path of Christ—that is, away from the unity of His Body, where Christ serves as the Head, while the devil leads his followers. Being led astray means being diverted from God’s way, causing you to stumble in your spiritual journey, or even worse, separating you from your eternal inheritance in Christ.

“The proud have hidden a snare for me” (Psalm 139:5). Here, “proud” encapsulates the essence of the devil, for they often masquerade as righteous while being inherently unjust. Such individuals cannot bear confessing their sins, thus they harbor envy toward those who are truly righteous. They resemble the devil who, in his fall, envied humankind's standing before God.

These proud individuals lay traps, extending their cords as snares; cords signify the bonds of sin, as stated in Proverbs 5:22. In Isaiah we read, “Woe to those who draw sin along with ropes” (Isaiah 5:18). These cords signify that each sinner compounds their transgression, ensnaring both themselves and the righteous as they attempt to ensnare others into their sins. They scatter all manner of sins carefully to trap the just.

In your paths, they erect stumbling blocks—not merely physical but spiritual obstacles that divert you from God's commandments. You shall not be misled to stray from the paths of righteousness, for God has allowed such traps to exist, so you may remain vigilant instead of yielding to temptation.

When confronted with such trials and dangers, let your response echo: “You are my God” (Psalm 139:6). This declaration of prayer carries profound confidence. Is He not God of all? Yet He is especially the God of those who seek Him and obey willingly. Though the wicked may grudgingly submit, they cannot equate His devotion. “Hear with Your ears the voice of my prayer.” He emphasizes the soul and life of his supplication rather than mere audible words. Truly, numerous pray without genuine understanding of God. Their utterances may resonate, yet lack vitality, as they are lifeless.

Awareness of God as your God enables your prayers to resonate with life, as true prayer flows from one's understanding of divine deliverance. Thus, he implores: “Lord, You are the Lord God, the true Master,” highlighting that His lordship doesn’t mirror human authority but is rooted in His sacrificial love.

“O Lord, You are the strength of my deliverance” (Psalm 139:7). In acknowledging the burdens incurred from the wicked—the myriad nets cast by devoutly evil individuals—the psalmist takes comfort in the assurance that those who endure to the end shall be saved. Through the trials of iniquity, hope arises as he finds relief beneath God's overshadowing presence in battle engagements, shielding him from the oppressive heat of conflict.

“Do not abandon me, O Lord, according to my desires for the sinner” (Psalm 139:8). How might this overshadowing aid me against the anger incited by my enemies? What can they achieve against me? The wicked may threaten and persecute, but God’s faithful ones are untouched by their desires. Therefore, implore earnestly that God does not lead you into temptation or grant room for your own desires that sow discord.

The devil continuously dangles temptation before you, inviting participation in wicked deeds under the guise of gain. Know that profit obtained through evil is inherently entangled in wickedness—should you engage, you will find yourself ensnared. Thus, allow not longing to control you; rather, may God's shadow temper your desires to avoid falling into snares.

“For their behavior, the labor of their lips shall ensnare them” (Psalm 139:9). The wicked revel in deceit—always speaking yet rarely reflecting truth. Such individuals illustrate a path of endless futility, while those sanctified by coals of salvation learn the value of listening over speaking. Therefore, be quick to understand and slow to voice opinions.

Evil pursues the ungodly to destruction. While evil may assail many good individuals, their ultimate fate is not demise but resurrection; the spirit is crowned, remaining indomitable under persecution.

“I know that the Lord will preserve the right of the needy” (Psalm 139:12). The needy, lacking abundance, yet craves righteousness, finding fulfillment in Christ. These individuals endure current hardships but shall receive glory when their Savior manifests. “Your life is hidden with Christ in God” (Colossians 3:3).

But the righteous will praise Your Name (Psalm 139:13). When You defend their cause and vindicate their righteousness, they attribute all to Your grace and mercy. They shall remain before Your presence, for they once sought fulfillment through their own means but now find serenity in Your abundance. Your countenance provides joy, as to see God is the ultimate blessing.

Athanasius the Great

4th centuryChurch Father

They not only surrendered to wicked thoughts but also compounded these thoughts with actions. Rather than translating ‘all day long’ as it is, Simmachus renders it as ‘all day long.’

Jerome of Stridon

4th centuryChurch Father

The devil cannot tempt us more effectively than through humanity. Hence, the prophet seeks liberation from this influence.

Theodoret of Cyrus

5th centuryChurch Father

He was not merely influenced by malevolent ideas, but he also compounded these thoughts with actions. In place of saying "all day," Simmachus expressed it as "every day."

Euthymios Zigabenos

11th centuryCommentator

Evil and unjust individuals consistently harbor unrighteous, unlawful, and damaging intentions within their hearts, dedicating their lives to sow discord and insurrection against their brethren and others around them. Their profound moral decay prevents them from finding peace, driving them to engage in covert and deceptive rebellions, as well as to challenge their brothers openly. This struggle is characterized by treachery and malice, resulting in various forms of mutual harm, whether through actions, words, or thoughts, as noted by Chrysostom.

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Chrysostom further observes that a significant aspect of their malevolence lies not just in their craftiness, but also in their wickedness and readiness to provoke disputes and grievances. Throughout their lives, they engage in conflict, as if solely intent on instigating discord, while neglecting the crucial duty to resist sin and oppose the adversary. Instead, they aim their arrows at their neighbors with a terrifying intention that is anything but unintentional; rather it is premeditated, revealing a commitment to their harmful objectives with full awareness and purpose. Theodoret remarks that these individuals not only indulge in malevolent thoughts but also turn those thoughts into actions.

Irenaeus (Klementjewsky)

18th centuryCommentator

In this passage, the inner wickedness of the adversaries is illustrated. Notably, the reference is not limited to a single individual, as the plural term indicates a transfer of blame from a singular head to all those who participate in wrongdoing. This reinforces the earlier statement regarding the unjust oppression suffered at the hands of these foes. Thus, as our adversaries intensify their bitterness and engage in covert attacks against us, we are all the more assured of the aid of the Holy Spirit, Who, through His Prophet, has established this model of prayer for our benefit.

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The subsequent words, "All the day long they were silent against him," clearly convey that David's foes, through their deceitful accusations, were continuously inciting animosity against him, effectively remaining silent in the face of truth. Furthermore, the text illustrates their method of warfare, asserting that they relied on slander alone, for they could not confront a man characterized by bravery and virtue through physical means. Consequently, they equipped themselves with only their words, which carried the venom of malice.

Psalter with Commentaries (Cave Monastery in Kiew)

19th centuryCommentator

Ultimately, in the fulfillment of the prophecy concerning Christ, as the law and the prophets have accomplished it, this psalm was disclosed to David through the Holy Spirit. Within it, the prophet earnestly implores God for rescue from Saul and other merciless adversaries. Yet, this psalm holds particular significance for Christ the Lord, who directed a prayer to God the Father, which stands paramount in times of persecution, echoing the supplications of every faithful individual against both tangible and intangible foes. The voice of Christ directed to God the Father during His Passion reflects upon the treachery of Judas and the unholy assembly of Jews. Each day, like a battle among the Jews, they conspired in secrecy to plot the murder of Christ the Lord.

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In the minds of demons, thoughts of treachery arise, highlighting the necessity of seeking Jesus’ aid and repenting. The serpent stealthily moves, aiming to inflict harm; in the same way, evil spirits and the Jews conspired against Christ’s life. The poisonous asp brings death, just as the thoughts of demons and the tongues of the Jews cried out for Christ’s execution: "Crucify, crucify Him!" The sinner—the devil—along with unrighteous Jews, sought to condemn the Lord. The feet of Christ, through which He tread the path of salvation for the world, were struck by the devil and the evil Jews who believed they could put the Immortal One to death. The net woven by the wicked Jews comprised secret flatteries, as when one called to the Lord, "Teacher, good teacher." These words obstructed the route to salvation, twisting the path that is the law of God with heretical deceptions. The voice of Christ the Savior reached out to God the Father during His pure Passion. In the battle against the devil, Christ triumphed over the head of Adam as He was crucified at Golgotha. The sinner—the devil—perpetually seeks to annihilate humanity, yet cannot act without God's consent. Surrounding Him is a host of wickedness, with the head being an idol or a demon amongst the idolaters who scorn Him. The coal symbolizes temptation to sin; if a person does not awaken to repentance, that coal transforms into an unquenchable fire of Gehenna. Those cast into the flames remain forever devoid of God’s grace. However, upon their repentance, Christ extends His aid, as He did to the thief on the cross. Judas, entangled with the corrupt Jewish leaders, represents treachery, while the apostles, martyrs, and other righteous souls, often marginalized, will be avenged by God at the Last Judgment. Those who are righteous for the name of Christ and toil in His service will rejoice in the presence of God eternally.

Sergius Ternowski

19th centuryCommentator

who did not openly confront the holy prophet, but covertly spoke ill of him, they harbored wickedness in their hearts...

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.