Daniel 2:40Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

By "the fourth," he refers to the Roman Empire, although he does not specify it by name. The reason for this ambiguity is to prevent many individuals from destroying the texts themselves.

This is Alexander, the victor over all nations. Just as iron triumphs over all forms, he conquered and brought under control all leaders, nobles, and monarchs.

The fourth kingdom is likened to iron, for just as iron shatters and crushes all it encounters, so will this kingdom do the same. This fourth kingdom, often interpreted as the Roman Empire, is emblematic of iron’s relentless strength. Yet, its feet and toes are a composite of both iron and clay, indicating a profound weakness that is now evident. Initially, the Roman Empire stood as the mightiest and most steadfast, but in these latter days, it has become increasingly fragile, as internal strife and conflicts with various nations reveal its dependency on assistance from other, often barbaric, peoples.

The Prophet referred to the Roman Empire, which was the mightiest power and could be regarded as having subdued all nations, gathering tribute and taxes from each one. In conveying this idea, the Prophet utilized the term “will thin,” indicating a sense of obedience, reverence, and established civil laws.

Who are these if not Romans? This represents the 'iron'—the Roman kingdom that currently exists, as its legs are of iron.