THEOSISWlastow G.K.
In reference to the overseers mentioned, we should understand them as the true ‘bailiffs’ of the Egyptians, whose name (Kuk) translates in Hebrew to mean oppressors. These individuals acted as foremen for the local populace, reporting to the higher authorities of Sarah Massim, previously discussed in the 11th chapter, and referred to as ‘chiefs of works.’ As noted in Egyptian records, these bailiffs are depicted on monuments wielding whips, whereas the mer, that is, the chiefs of works, are not represented in this manner. The Hebrew term Shoter, used in the same verse, is explained by A.C.B. to imply scribe. In the Slavonic translation, the term used by the Septuagint translators ‘Tois grammateisin’ is rendered as scribes.
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It is clear that these individuals were Hebrews (as noted in verse 14), tasked with keeping track of the laborers and the work conducted. Later, these Shoterim (as referenced in Deuteronomy 20:5-9) played a significant role in rallying the Israelites to battle. It is evident that the Egyptians’ creation of such officials from among the Hebrews, aimed at burdening the Israelites, had unforeseen consequences. The organization among the people was effectively established, records were maintained, and their strength was quantified. The labor of the captives is illustrated in the tomb of Kurna, located opposite Thebes. The term Mer corresponds to the Egyptian classification of Sarah Massim. All undertakings were managed by an architect, a figure of considerable esteem and dignity.