Gregory of Nyssa
they are punished with fierce strikes akin to unruly children, as the serpents present among them inflict their lethal venom through their biting.
Wherefore the Lord sent among the people fiery serpents, which bit them and killed many of them.
וַיְשַׁלַּ֨ח יְהוָ֜ה בָּעָ֗ם אֵ֚ת הַנְּחָשִׁ֣ים הַשְּׂרָפִ֔ים וַֽיְנַשְּׁכ֖וּ אֶת־הָעָ֑ם וַיָּ֥מָת עַם־רָ֖ב מִיִּשְׂרָאֵֽל׃
5 Church Fathers comment on this verse · 6 commentaries
they are punished with fierce strikes akin to unruly children, as the serpents present among them inflict their lethal venom through their biting.
The Israelites, for their complaints about the manna, which is the heavenly bread, were punished by serpents that consume dust, yet they do not question that.
The bites of serpents represent a harmful poison and traps of wrongdoing that, upon contacting the soul, lead it into spiritual demise. Those who grumble against the Lord find themselves ensnared by serpent bites, as the visible marks reveal the devastation wrought by their internal discontent. The lifting up of the brass serpent serves as a prefiguration of our Savior's crucifixion; it is through faith in Him that the realms of death and sin are conquered. The transgressions that pull both the soul and the body towards destruction take the form of serpents—not only because they wound and harbor venom, leading to ruin, but also due to the fact that through the serpent, our ancestors were led into sin, resulting in the transition from immortality to mortality.
The Lord is masterfully portrayed as a brass serpent since He appeared in the guise of sinful flesh (Romans 8:3); just as the brass serpent was a symbol of venomous serpents but contained no poison itself, providing instant healing to those bitten, so too did our Redeemer take upon Himself not the flesh of sin, but rather the likeness of sinful flesh. In this, by enduring the death of the cross, He liberated all who place their trust in Him from sin and even from death itself.
When a person carelessly ingests poison or harmful substances and experiences distress, they promptly seek a doctor for healing. Believer, do not hesitate when, through negligence and the enemy’s schemes, you encounter the poison of sin. Do not delay; instead, seek healing without delay. Turn in faith to Christ, the Healer of our souls and bodies, and implore Him to restore your spirit. Confess to Him the wound inflicted by your adversary. Speak up, even knowing that He is already aware. Kneel before Him and acknowledge your affliction with a contrite heart. Cast aside any shame or fear; He knows your suffering even before you confess. However, He desires your voluntary admission so you may confront your faults openly.
Express to Him your transgressions: ‘I have sinned, O Lord; have mercy on me; heal me, O Lord, for I have sinned against You’ (Psalm 40:5). When the Israelites departed from Egypt toward the Promised Land, they were bitten by serpents in the wilderness. In His mercy, God instructed Moses to erect a bronze serpent on a pole so that those bitten could look upon it for their healing and be restored (Numbers 21:6-9). Believers, as we journey toward the Promised Land, our eternal home, we face trials in this temporal wilderness from the serpent of death, the devil. Whenever this fierce serpent strikes us due to our carelessness and we feel the corrosive poison of sin within, we must lift our gaze to Christ, the Son of God, who is seated at the right hand of the Father. He was once lifted up on the cross for our sins, crucified and died. ‘And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, so must the Son of Man be lifted up, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have eternal life’ (John 3:14-15). O Jesus, our Strength and Hope of salvation, who reigns in glory at the Father's side! Have mercy on us whom You have redeemed with Your precious blood.
There are instances where individuals are harmed by malevolent beings. Such is how the ancient serpent, our adversary the devil, introduced sinful and lethal poison into our very being. A person, though in good health, can become gravely ill if they unwittingly consume poison. Similarly, our nature was originally pure, holy, and good. However, when the deceptive and malevolent serpent tainted it, it became afflicted with an illness that is beyond remedy. Just as poison invades a person and spreads throughout their body, so too does the venom of the serpent corrupt all our mental and physical faculties.
This poisonous influence results in the fact that "from within, out of the heart of man, proceed evil thoughts, adulteries, fornications, murders, thefts, covetousness, wickedness, deceit, lewdness, an evil eye, blasphemy, pride, foolishness— all these evil things come from within and defile a man" (Mk. 7:21-23). It leads to actions such as "adultery, fornication, uncleanness, lasciviousness, idolatry, witchcraft, hatred, variance, emulations, wrath, strife, seditions, heresies, envyings, murders, drunkenness, revelings, and such like" (Gal. 5:19-21). Consequently, there arises pride, arrogance, disdain for others, judgment, slander, gossip, cursing, vengeance in thought and word, and a desire for personal honor, glory, and recognition. This also breeds flattery, deceit, manipulation, falsehood, and hypocrisy, leading to disgraceful actions and conversations. It gives rise to undue concern about food, drink, and comfort, leading people to fixate on external appearances, home decorations, and other vanities. All of these issues stem from fleshly desires and the serpent's venom implanted in the hearts of humanity. The internal poison torments us, causing unbearable suffering over time. The serpent's hidden venom afflicts the soul in various ways, leading to profound anguish. Look at the torment caused by pride! Observe how it afflicts individuals and the many schemes they devise to gain recognition, glory, and praise in this world! Once they achieve it, they labor tirelessly to safeguard this treasure. They become resentful when disdained, crushed when stripped of honor, and many suffer greatly in the process. It is impossible to fully articulate the turmoil and agony inflicted upon the human soul by greed! We witness the relentless pursuit of wealth, the fear and anxiety they endure to protect what they possess, and the profound grief they experience when it is taken from them, leading some to despair of life itself. The anguish caused by unchecked desires is known to all, especially those who lead a celibate life. Those desires burn like a fever, setting the whole body ablaze. Envy brings its own torment; it can leave the body pale and parched. Anger produces distressing manifestations; just observe how someone in anger behaves—raging, cursing, striking themselves, and acting as if possessed. If the outward condition is so pitiful, imagine the state of the tormented soul! Witness the fierce serpent's poison lurking in the soul, causing immense suffering! Be diligent in examining this deadly toxin that resides in your heart. Its destructive effects are evident; if it did not exist, one would not suffer such bitter ailments. The actions we see reflect the presence of this poison; its painful manifestations reveal its existence. Recognizing this grave malady should propel us to seek healing so that we do not perish forever, both soul and body. The poison that dwells in our being, when unchecked, leads to death. Thus, this all-destructive toxin, if untreated by Christ's power, threatens the soul with eternal separation. When the body falls ill, we seek a healer, striving to recover despite knowing this physical vessel will ultimately decay. Should we not care even more passionately for the immortal and invaluable soul, which surpasses the worth of the entire universe, and seek healing for it? The soul, created in God's image and redeemed by the precious blood of His Son, is of such great value, yet we neglect it. We do so because we fail to recognize its severe and fatal affliction and the poison it harbors. Oh, how different it would be if one could see the true state of their soul! It would lead to horror and inconsolable grief, prompting a desperate search for healing and restoration of its original beauty and grace! Who, faced with such dire circumstances, would not seek liberation? We observe those who are physically ill, and upon sensing their ailment, they pursue a cure. Is the soul not aware of its own suffering? It is impossible for someone with awareness of their plight not to seek relief! Acknowledgment of misfortune drives us to find ways to escape it. Recognize, therefore, the profound weakness of your soul, and you will be motivated to seek healing. Without awareness of weakness, there can be no remedy.
The New Testament Scriptures illuminate the significance of the bronze serpent with even greater precision. The serpents, whose bites brought an intense, unbearable heat throughout the body, symbolize demons and the ancient serpent, their leader (Rev. 12:9). They inflict mortal wounds upon us and stir within our hearts an insatiable thirst that leads only to death. Their venom seeps into our very essence, transforming us into serpents, as the words of Jesus Christ and His precursor concerning the Jews resonate with all sinners: a serpent, the offspring of a viper (Matthew 3:7, Matthew 23:33).
Passages read together with this verse.