The Church Fathers on this verse

Revelation 11:3Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

And I will give unto my two witnesses: and they shall prophesy, a thousand two hundred sixty days, clothed in sackcloth.

Douay-Rheims

και δωσω τοις δυσιν μαρτυσιν μου και προφητευσουσιν ημερας χιλιας διακοσιας εξηκοντα περιβεβλημενοι σακκους

Greek (Byzantine text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

9 Church Fathers comment on this verse

Ephraem the Syrian

4th centuryChurch Father

But before this happens, the Lord, according to His mercy, will send Elijah the Tishbite and Enoch. They will proclaim piety to the human race, boldly preach the good tidings to all, and teach them not to believe the tormentor out of fear.

They will cry out and say: "This is deception, O men. Let no one believe it in the least. Let no one obey the enemy of God. Let none of you be afraid, for he will soon be brought to nothing."

"Behold, the holy Lord comes from heaven to judge all who have believed his signs." Yet few at that time will wish to listen to and believe this preaching of the Prophets.

The Savior does this in order to show His ineffable love for mankind. For even at that time He does not leave the human race without preaching, so that all may be without excuse at the judgment.

Hippolytus of Rome

2nd centuryChurch Father

Daniel says: "And he shall confirm a covenant with many for one week. In the midst of the week My sacrifice and libation shall be taken away" (Dan 9:27).

By these words he signified one week of years, the last one, which is to be in the last times, at the end of the whole world.

Half of this week the prophets Enoch and Elijah will take. Clothed in sackcloth, they will preach for one thousand two hundred and sixty days (Rev 11:3), proclaiming repentance to men and to all nations.

For two comings of our Lord and Savior are indicated in Holy Scripture. The first, in the flesh, was without glory because of His abasement.

Read more (1092 words)

Isaiah prophesied of old, saying: "We saw Him, and He had no form or beauty. His appearance was without honor, diminished beyond all the sons of men. He was a man in suffering, knowing how to endure sickness. His face was turned away. He was dishonored and not esteemed" (Is 53:2-3).

His second coming will be glorious, for He will come from heaven with a multitude of angels and in the glory of the Father.

As the prophet says: "You shall see the King in glory" (Is 33:17). And another prophet says: "I saw, and behold, with the clouds of heaven One like the Son of Man was coming. He came even to the Ancient of Days, and was brought before Him. To Him were given dominion, honor, and a kingdom. All peoples, tribes, and tongues shall serve Him. His kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, which shall not be destroyed" (Dan 7:13-14).

So also two forerunners are foretold. The first was John, the son of Zechariah.

He appeared in every respect as the forerunner and preacher of our Savior. While proclaiming the heavenly Light manifested in the world, he first fulfilled the ministry of forerunner while still in his mother's womb, having been conceived by Elizabeth.

This was so that he might show even to infants in the maternal womb the new birth that was to be for them from the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary.

When he heard Mary's greeting to Elizabeth, he leaped joyfully in his mother's womb, seeing God the Word conceived in the Virgin's womb.

Then he came preaching in the wilderness, to proclaim to men the baptism of repentance. That is, he foreshadowed salvation for the Gentiles living in the wilderness of the world.

After this, at the Jordan, he personally points out the Savior and says: "Behold, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sins of the world" (Jn 1:29).

He also preached beforehand to those in Hades. When he was killed by Herod, he became a forerunner there also, proclaiming there the coming of the Savior, who would free the souls of the saints from the hand of death.

But since the Savior was the firstfruits of the resurrection of all men, He, the Lord, had to rise from the dead alone, by Himself.

Through Him judgment will come to the world. Thus those who have contended worthily may worthily be crowned by Him, the most glorious Master of the contest.

He first fulfilled the service appointed beforehand, ascended into heaven, sat at the right hand of God and the Father, and at the end of the world will again appear as Judge of the world.

It was necessary for His forerunners to appear first. God said through the mouth of Malachi, who is called an angel: "I will send you Elijah the Tishbite before the coming of the great and radiant day of the Lord. He shall turn the heart of the father to the son and the heart of a man to his neighbor, lest I come and strike the earth utterly" (Mal 4:5-6).

Therefore these forerunners will preach the coming manifestation of Christ from heaven. They will work signs and wonders, in order to instruct men and turn them to repentance from their excessive lawlessness and impiety.

John says: "And I will give power to My two witnesses, and they will prophesy one thousand two hundred and sixty days, clothed in sackcloth" (Rev 11:3). This means half the week of which Daniel spoke.

"These are the two olive trees and the two lampstands standing before the God of the earth. And if anyone does them wrong, fire proceeds from their mouth and devours their enemies. If anyone wishes to harm them, he must be killed in this manner. These have power to shut heaven, so that no rain falls on the earth in the days of their prophecy. They have power over waters, to turn them into blood, and to strike the earth with every plague as often as they desire" (Rev 11:4-6).

And when they have finished their course and witness, what does the prophet say next?

"The beast that ascends from the abyss will make war against them, overcome them, and kill them" (Rev 11:7).

This will be because they refused to give glory to the Antichrist. For he is the little horn that grows up. Having already been exalted in heart, he begins to raise himself up and glorify himself as God.

He persecutes the saints and blasphemes Christ, as Daniel says: "And I saw the horn, and behold, eyes like the eyes of a man were in that horn, and a mouth speaking great things. And he opened his mouth in blasphemy against God. And that horn made war with the saints and prevailed against them, until the beast was slain and perished, and his body was given to be burned with fire" (Dan 7:8, 11).

From the Scriptures we have been taught that there are two comings of Christ and the Savior. The first, according to the flesh, was without glory, so that He might show Himself humbled.

But His second coming is proclaimed in glory, for He will appear from heaven with power, angels, and the glory of the Father.

His first coming had John the Baptist as forerunner. The second, when He comes in glory, will show Enoch, Elijah, and John the Theologian.

On the basis of Jesus' words in Jn 21:23, John was identified with Elijah and Enoch as one who did not die and will come at the end of the times to fight the Antichrist. See above, Rev 10:11.

Notice the love for mankind of the Lord. Even in the last times He will care for and have compassion on the race of mortals.

Even then He will not leave us without prophets. He will send them for our instruction and assurance, and also so that we may heed the coming of the adversary, as Daniel also foretold in this case.

For he says: I will establish a covenant for one week, and in the middle of the week My sacrifice and libation will be taken away.

By one week, which will be in the latter times, he indicates a period of seven years (cf. Dan 10-12).

And half of the week will be occupied by the two prophets together with John, so that they may preach throughout the whole world concerning the coming of the Antichrist. They will occupy one thousand two hundred and sixty days, clothed in sackcloth.

Andrew of Caesarea

6th centuryChurch Father

Many teachers thought that these two witnesses, Enoch and Elijah, would receive from God, at the end of the world, a time for prophesying of three and a half years, signified by the one thousand two hundred sixty days. Their being clothed in sackcloth means that all who are then alive, and who are being turned away from the antichrist's delusion, will be worthy of weeping and lamentation.

Oecumenius

6th centuryChurch Father

After everything concerning the Lord's economic Incarnation had been woven before the Evangelist in the vision, what concerns the heralds of His second coming is revealed.

The vision had shown the birth, the temptation, the teaching, the frenzy provoked by it, the Cross and Resurrection, the second coming, and the recompense for both saints and sinners.

Now, as though turning back, John receives instruction about these men. For what Holy Scripture proclaims to us about the coming of Elijah the Tishbite is perfectly clear.

Malachi says: "Behold, I will send you Elijah the prophet before the day of the Lord comes, great and terrible."

Read more (255 words)

"And he will turn the hearts of fathers to their children and the hearts of children to their fathers, lest I come and strike the land with a curse" (Mal 4:4-5).

Or, as the Lord said in Matthew concerning the Baptist: "And if you are willing to receive it, he is Elijah who is to come" (Mt 11:14).

We have heard nothing clear about any other herald, except what Genesis said about Enoch: "Having pleased God, he was taken by Him" (Gen 5:24).

And the wise Apostle says of him: "By faith Enoch was translated so that he should not see death, and he was not found, because God had translated him" (Heb 11:5).

In the tradition of the Church the ancient teaching prevails that, after Elijah the Tishbite, Enoch will come, preceding the second coming of Christ, which must occur after the coming of the antichrist.

For they say that these two will come first and bear witness that the signs performed by the antichrist are false, and that it is not necessary to believe the sinner.

The vision now relates of them that they prophesied for so many days, using either a certain mystical number or the number that will actually be. They will do this clothed in sackcloth, for they will mourn the disobedience of those men.

From the second century onward, it was common opinion that Enoch would accompany Elijah, since they are forerunners of Christ at the end of times, as in Tertullian, Hippolytus of Rome, and Irenaeus of Lyons.

Primasius of Hadrumetum

6th centuryChurch Father

Earlier it was said, "You must prophesy again" (Rev 10:11). Here it says, "And I will give to My two witnesses, and they will prophesy."

There He speaks about John, but here about the two witnesses. That is, the Church preaches and prophesies through the two Testaments.

On the other hand, the truth declares that there are two kinds of testimony: by disposition of soul and by action. Testimony by disposition, known to God alone, takes place in the heart and merits no public approval in the time of trial.

Testimony by deed is carried out publicly before the eyes of men, when persecutions provide the suitable occasion for it. Sometimes the soul seems to need testimony, and sometimes, in other situations, testimony seems to need the soul.

Read more (172 words)

Therefore blessed Cyprian says: "To fall into the hands of pagans and there confess the Lord is the first mark of victory."

"To hide prudently, so that by this one may preserve oneself for the Lord, is the second step toward glory. There the confession is public; here it is hidden."

"The former conquers the judge of this world; the latter, content with God as his Judge, keeps his conscience pure in the innocence of his heart."

This is most clearly confirmed by the example of the two sons of Zebedee. James, killed by Herod (cf. Acts 12:2), is honored as a martyr because of his public confession.

His brother, John the Evangelist, was crowned with a hidden martyrdom, remaining beside Jesus. For it is evident that the Lord had previously said to both, "You will drink My cup" (Mt 20:23).

One did so, of course, by deed, and the other by disposition of soul. "Clothed in sackcloth" means established in confession. For the humility of confession unites both kinds of testimony.

Borodin P.M.

19th centuryChurch Father

In the whole book of Revelation, the names of these two witnesses are nowhere mentioned. Yet the most ancient opinion, universal among both the holy Fathers and learned interpreters of later times, takes them to be Enoch and Elijah.

Of the first of them Scripture says: "Enoch walked before God; and he was not, for God took him" (Gen 5:24). The other is Elijah the Tishbite, the most renowned prophet in Israel in the days of King Ahab.

Of Elijah it is written in the Bible: "There appeared a chariot of fire and horses of fire," and "Elijah went up by a whirlwind into heaven" (4 Kgs 2:11).

Read more (280 words)

The Bible also says: "Behold, I will send you Elijah the prophet before the coming of the day of the Lord, great and terrible" (Mal 4:5). "Enoch pleased the Lord and was taken up into heaven, an image of repentance for all generations" (Sir 44:15).

Enoch and Elijah, who are held to be living and to have preserved their bodies, will appear on earth as faithful witnesses of Christ.

They, says Ephrem the Syrian, will proclaim piety to the human race, boldly preach the knowledge of God to all, and teach them not to believe the tormentor out of fear.

They will cry out and say: "This is deception, O men. Let no one believe it in the least. Let no one obey the enemy of God. Let no one be afraid, for he will soon be brought to nothing."

"Behold, the holy Lord comes from heaven to judge all who have believed his signs." If these witnesses are ordinary men, then the number of 1,260 days, reckoning the month as thirty days, will make an ordinary three and a half years.

They are clothed in sackcloth, that is, in garments of repentance and weeping, and of sorrow over men's unrighteousness and sins.

They are the two olive trees and the two lampstands standing before the God of the earth. Oil serves to feed fire and also to heal wounds.

By their preaching and deeds, these two witnesses must illumine the thickening darkness of manifold delusions and heal the wounds of souls. For that time will be the hardest and darkest there has ever been.

Only for the sake of the elect will those days be shortened (cf. Mt 24:21-22).

Ivanov A.V.

19th centuryChurch Father

"And I will give to My two witnesses." The two witnesses spoken of here have been the subject of many different conjectures.

The Eastern Fathers of the Church, Andrew of Caesarea, Ephrem the Syrian, John Chrysostom, and John of Damascus, and most of the Western Fathers, Saint Hippolytus, Augustine, Jerome, Gregory the Great, and others, see in them Enoch and Elijah.

They are to appear before the end of the world and oppose the antichrist. Some more recent interpreters, such as Bossuet and Calmet, do not admit the possibility that the Old Testament righteous men Enoch and Elijah should live for so extraordinarily long until the end of the world.

Read more (459 words)

They are inclined to see in these witnesses not definite persons, but personifications of the totality of Christians from Jews and Gentiles, who will struggle against persecutions of Christianity.

Yet that these witnesses must be understood as two real and definite persons is clear from the subsequent connection of the discourse. They will preach, clothed in sackcloth, as a sign that those who are deceived are worthy of weeping and tears, according to Andrew of Caesarea.

They will perform true miracles, "so that even by this they may move men and turn them to repentance," according to Saint Hippolytus. They will be killed by the antichrist as two living persons.

Their corpses will lie in the street for three and a half days, deprived of burial. After this time they will come to life, and, having risen, will ascend into heaven in the sight of all.

All these are definite features that can be applied only to real persons. As for the identity of these witnesses, the same holy Fathers leave no doubt that they will be the actual Enoch and Elijah, not merely persons resembling them.

Saint Hippolytus, after mentioning that there are two comings of the Savior, one already past and the second expected, says: "Two forerunners have also been shown: the first, John, the son of Zacharias; the second, Elijah, who will appear."

Ephrem the Syrian, pointing to the time of the antichrist, teaches: "The Lord will send Elijah the Tishbite and Enoch, that they may proclaim piety to the human race."

"They will boldly preach the knowledge of God to all and teach them not to believe the tormentor." Saint John Chrysostom, on the disciples' question about Elijah's coming (Mt 17:10), observes:

"Scripture speaks of two comings of Christ, the one past and the one future. Elijah will be the forerunner of the second, while John was the forerunner of the first."

"Christ calls John Elijah, not because he was Elijah, but because he performed Elijah's ministry. For as Elijah will be the forerunner of His second coming, so John was the forerunner of the first."

"This Elijah has come. But if you ask about the Tishbite, he will come and restore all things, that is, he will correct the unbelief of the Jews of that time."

John of Damascus, after setting forth the destructive actions of the antichrist, continues: "Then Enoch and Elijah the Tishbite will be sent."

"They will turn the hearts of fathers to children, that is, the synagogue to our Lord Jesus Christ and to the apostolic preaching, and they will be killed by the antichrist."

The time of their preaching is 1,260 days, that is, the same forty-two months, forty-two times thirty equaling 1,260, spoken of above in verse 2.

Makarios (Bulgakow)

19th centuryChurch Father

To oppose the antichrist, God will send from heaven two witnesses. As it is said in the Apocalypse, they will prophesy the truth, perform miracles, and, when they have finished their testimony, will be killed by the dragon.

Then after three and a half days they will rise and ascend into the heavens (Rev 11:3-12). By these two witnesses, according to conjecture, some have understood Enoch, on the basis of Sir 44:15, and Elijah the Tishbite, on the basis of Mal 4:6 and Sir 48:9-10.

Philaret of Moscow (Drosdow)

19th centuryChurch Father

The judgment of the first world was foretold by two prophets: Enoch (Jude 1:14-15) and Noah (2 Pet 2:5). In the last world, two witnesses of Jesus also appear, prophesying.

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.

The original text

Greek text, 14 words with lemma, transliteration and Strong’s number. Tap to expand.

  1. καὶ
    kai
    and
    G2532 · καί
  2. δώσω
    dōsō
    I offer
    G1325 · δίδωμι
  3. τοῖς
    tois
    the
    G3588 · ὁ
  4. δυσὶν
    dysin
    two
    G1417 · δύο
  5. μάρτυσίν
    martysin
    a witness
    G3144 · μάρτυς
  6. μου
    mou
    I
    G1473 · ἐγώ
  7. καὶ
    kai
    and
    G2532 · καί
  8. προφητεύσουσιν
    prophēteusousin
    I foretell
    G4395 · προφητεύω
  9. ἡμέρας
    hēmeras
    a day
    G2250 · ἡμέρα
  10. χιλίας
    chilias
    a thousand
    G5507 · χίλιοι
  11. διακοσίας
    diakosias
    two hundred
    G1250 · διακόσιοι
  12. ἑξήκοντα
    hexēkonta
    sixty
    G1835 · ἑξήκοντα
  13. περιβεβλημένοι
    peribeblēmenoi
    I cast around
    G4016 · περιβάλλω
  14. σάκκους
    sakkous
    sack-cloth
    G4526 · σάκκος