The Church Fathers on this verse

Revelation 13:17Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

And that no man might buy or sell, but he that hath the character, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name.

Douay-Rheims

και ινα μη τις δυναται δυνηται αγορασαι η πωλησαι ει μη ο εχων το χαραγμα το ονομα του θηριου η τον αριθμον του ονοματος αυτου

Greek (Byzantine text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

8 Church Fathers comment on this verse

Ephraem the Syrian

4th centuryChurch Father

We need many prayers and tears, beloved, so that any one of us may be found firm in temptations. For there will be many illusions performed by the beast.

He himself is a fighter against God, and he wants to destroy everyone.

For the tormentor will use such a method that all will have to bear upon themselves the mark of the beast, when in his own time, that is, at the fulfillment of the times, he comes to deceive all by signs.

Only in this way will they be able to buy food and everything necessary. He will appoint overseers to carry out his commands.

Notice, my brethren, the excessive malice of the beast and the devices of his wickedness. See how he begins with the belly.

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When a man is brought to extremity by lack of food, he will be forced to receive his mark, that is, the impious inscription.

It will not be on just any member of the body, but on the right hand and also on the forehead.

Thus the man will no longer be able with his right hand to imprint the sign of the Cross, nor on his forehead to mark the holy name of the Lord, or the glorious and honorable Cross of Christ our Savior.

For the wretched one knows that the imprinted Cross of the Lord destroys all his power.

Therefore he places his mark on a man's right hand, because it seals all our members with the Cross.

Likewise the forehead, like a lampstand, bears on high the lamp of light, the sign of our Savior.

Therefore, my brethren, a fearful contest will be set before all Christ-loving people. They must not fall into fear until the hour of death, nor remain inactive when the serpent inscribes his mark in place of the Savior's Cross.

For without doubt he uses such a method so that the name of the Lord and Savior may not even be named at that time.

The powerless one does this because he fears and trembles before the holy power of our Savior.

For if someone is not sealed with the mark of the beast, he will not be captivated by his illusory signs. Moreover, the Lord does not depart from such people, but enlightens them and draws them to Himself.

Whoever has compunction and tears should ask the Lord in prayer to escape the great tribulation that will come upon the earth.

Let him ask not to see the beast at all, nor to hear the terrors that will occur in various places, the earthquakes, famines, and different deaths on the earth.

A courageous soul is needed, one able, so to speak, to govern its life amid these temptations.

If a man proves even somewhat negligent, he will easily be overcome and captured by the signs of the evil and treacherous serpent.

Such a man will appear inexcusable and guilty at the Judgment, because he voluntarily believed the tormentor.

We need many prayers and tears, beloved, so that any one of us may stand firm in temptations.

The beast will bring many illusions, because he is a fighter against God and will want to destroy everyone.

Listen, my Christ-loving brethren, to what he did in the wilderness to Israel when it came out of Egypt.

See how he contrived, accursed and utterly defiled as he is, to draw all into the gravest sin.

He suggested to Balaam that he give the most evil counsel to Balak, king of Midian (Num 25; Num 31:16).

He told him to bring the city women into the tents and catch the Israelites through them, inclining them to fornication and sacrifice.

Thus God would utterly consume them as impious, when all would commit fornication with these women like irrational creatures.

The king openly set before the people women and a table at the doors, with libations and sacrifices, drawing everyone into death.

Thus whoever wished to commit fornication with those defiled women would first make a libation, and then enter the tent.

The women took nothing from the Israelites, but compelled everyone who passed by to offer sacrifice.

For the princes he brought out the daughters of princes. For the rich he brought daughters of rich men. For all the people he brought many women from the common folk, so as suddenly to catch all into death.

The rich man did not disdain the poor woman, nor the prince some commoner's daughter.

Do you see the work of unrighteousness, the wicked plot? How the serpent dug for all a pit of destruction into death!

Has any of you ever seen such a shameless deed, fornication armed with a two-edged sword?

For the women destroyed those who entered to them with a twofold dreadful death, compelling them both to offer sacrifices and to commit fornication.

The tormentor will use this very same method, so that all may bear upon themselves the mark of the beast.

This will happen when, in his own time, at the fulfillment of the fullness of the times, he comes to deceive all by signs.

Only in this way will they be able to buy food and everything necessary. To carry out the command, he will appoint rulers over the people.

Pay attention, brethren, to the excessive malice of the beast and the devices of his wickedness. He begins with the belly.

When a man is brought to extremity by lack of food, he will be forced to receive his mark.

This defiled one will place his mark not on just any bodily member, but, so that they may not be hindered by it, he will place it on the right hand of man.

He will also place the impious inscription on the forehead, so that a man may not have the ability to seal himself with the sign of Christ our Savior by his right hand.

Nor will he be able to mark on his forehead the fearful and holy name of the Lord, and the glorious and fearful Cross of the Savior.

For that wretched one knows that the Lord's Cross, if imprinted on anyone, will destroy all his power.

Therefore he will place the mark on a man's right hand, because it seals all our members with the Cross.

Likewise the forehead bears the Savior's sign upon its height, as a lampstand bears the lamp of light.

Therefore, my brethren, a fearful contest lies before all faithful and strong Christ-loving people. They must not yield until the hour of death, nor grow faint when the serpent inscribes his mark in place of the Cross.

For he will contrive in every way that the name of the Lord and Savior, His all-holy and most pure name, may not be named at all in the times of the serpent.

The weak one will do this because he fears and trembles before the holy power of the Savior's name.

For whoever is not sealed with his mark will not be a captive of his illusions. The Lord will not depart from such a one, but will enlighten his heart and draw him to Himself.

We, brethren, must understand the illusions of the hateful enemy with all exactness.

The Lord comes in peace to all of us, to overthrow the devices of the beast.

Sincerely holding the unshaken faith of Christ, let us make the enemy's power unstable.

Let us acquire an unchangeable and pious thought, and the powerless one will depart from us, unable to do anything to us.

Hippolytus of Rome

2nd centuryChurch Father

Indeed, being cunning and arrogant toward the servants of God, and wishing to destroy them and drive them out of the world because they do not give him glory, he commands everyone everywhere to set up censers.

In this way none of the saints will be able either to buy or to sell unless he first offers sacrifice. This is the mark placed on the right hand. The mark on the forehead indicates that all will be crowned and will wear a fiery crown, but not a crown of life.

It will be a crown of death. This is exactly how Antiochus Epiphanes, that Syrian king from the line of Alexander of Macedon, contrived to act against the Jews. He too, having become proud in his heart in those times, issued a decree.

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He commanded all to set up altars before the doors of their houses, to offer sacrifices, and, crowned with ivy, to hold a festival in honor of Dionysus (cf. 2 Macc 6:7; 1 Macc 1:51-64).

Those who did not wish to obey he ordered to be put to death after torments, tortures, and interrogations. Yet he himself received a fully fitting recompense from the Lord, the righteous Judge and all-seeing God. He died, eaten by worms.

If anyone wishes to know all this in detail, let him turn to the Books of the Maccabees. Everything is shown there.

Victorinus of Poetovio

3rd centuryChurch Father

And the second beast will likewise cause the golden image of the antichrist to be set in the temple at Jerusalem, and the apostate angel will enter there. Then he will produce incantations and oracles.

He will also cause slaves and free men to receive the mark on their forehead or on their right hand, the number of his name, so that no one may buy or sell except the one who has the mark.

Daniel had already spoken of this overthrow of men, this contempt for God, and this curse. He says: "And he shall set it in his temple between the mountain of the sea and the two seas," that is, in Jerusalem (Dan 11:45). Then he will set up a golden image there, as king Nebuchadnezzar did.

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The Lord says this, reminding all the churches of the last times: "When you see the abomination of desolation, spoken of through the prophet Daniel, standing in the holy place, where it ought not, let the reader understand" (Mt 24:15).

It is called an abomination because God abhors the worship of idols. It is called desolation because unbelieving men desolate the soul with false signs and wonders, being excluded from the number of those who will be saved.

Andrew of Caesarea

6th centuryChurch Father

And he will spread the beastly seal everywhere, in buying and in selling, so that those who do not receive it may die a violent death through lack of what is necessary to sustain life.

Caesarius of Arles

6th centuryChurch Father

The saints who are in the Church receive Christ on the hand and on the forehead, but hypocrites receive the beast under the name of Christ. If they do not worship the beast or his image, they also do not receive the mark on their forehead or on their hand.

It is not contrary to the faith to understand by the beast himself the impious city, that is, the society or agreement of all the impious or proud, called Babylon and understood as confusion. To it belong those who wished to bring all worthy things into confusion.

This is the people of the unbelieving, set against the people of the faithful and the city of God. Its image is its hypocrisy, namely, in those people who seem to hold the catholic faith but live impiously.

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They pretend to be what they are not, and they are called Christians not by true likeness, but by a false image. Of them the apostle says: "having the form of piety, but denying its power" (2 Tim 3:5). No small number of such are contained in the catholic Church.

The righteous do not worship the beast, that is, they do not consent or submit. Nor do they receive the mark, namely, the criminal sign, on the forehead for what they confess, and on the hand for what they do.

Primasius of Hadrumetum

6th centuryChurch Father

It is as though he said: this deception grew so strong that the inhabitants of the earth, seduced by the sign of the beast, willingly consented to it and received it. By mutual reverence they encouraged one another to make an image of the beast in the imaginations of the heart.

Thus they no longer even thought of doubting. They were, it seems, finally persuaded by this manifest fiery false testimony that he truly is Christ, whereas he is the devil in the antichrist. He is the same evil one who assumed the form of a spirit, setting such tempting snares by divine permission.

For it is said: "And it was given to him to put spirit into the image of the beast, so that the image of the beast should speak." This passage may be understood in two ways.

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Perhaps the whole mass of the impious yielded to suggestion through the appearance of miraculous testimony, the operation of the devil, and the oppression of the people by their leaders. One confession was imposed on all, with one form of praise, so that anyone who did not utter it before the image of the beast was killed.

On the other hand, just as he spoke with the woman through the mouth of the serpent in order to seduce the first man, so now by a similar deception he mocks many. He makes his followers receive an answer by consulting the image, that is, the antichrist.

They think honor should be rendered to him as to God, although he is "the man of sin, the son of perdition" (2 Thess 2:3). "And he will cause all to receive a mark on the right hand or on the forehead."

Here he prefers to distinguish the individual members, whom he more often regards together as one mass or in the person of the beast. The hand signifies works, and the right hand signifies feigned piety. The forehead signifies confession of faith. Since both goods have suffered from deception, both receive the mark.

Beda Venerabilis

7th centuryChurch Father

"And he deceives those who dwell on the earth," and so forth. As it is said, his coming, "according to the working of Satan, will be with all power and signs and lying wonders" (2 Thess 2:9).

It is not entirely clear what is meant by "lying signs and wonders." It may mean that human senses will be deceived by phantoms, making it seem that the antichrist does what he has not really done.

Or it may mean that the signs and wonders will be real, but will lead those who believe in them into error. Since they do not know the devil's power, they will think such things can be done only by the power of God.

For the household of holy Job, together with a great number of his cattle, perished not by phantom fire and wind, but by real fire and wind.

Arethas of Caesarea

10th centuryChurch Father

It will be necessary to spread the number of the beast's name everywhere, in acts of buying and selling, so that anyone who does not bear it upon himself may die from lack of necessities.

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.

The original text

Greek text, 24 words with lemma, transliteration and Strong’s number. Tap to expand.

  1. καὶ
    kai
    and
    G2532 · καί
  2. ἵνα
    hina
    in order that
    G2443 · ἵνα
  3. μή
    mē
    not
    G3361 · μή
  4. τις
    tis
    any one
    G5100 · τις
  5. δύνηται
    dynētai
    I am powerful
    G1410 · δύναμαι
  6. ἀγοράσαι
    agorasai
    I buy
    G59 · ἀγοράζω
  7. ἢ
    ē
    or
    G2228 · ἤ
  8. πωλῆσαι
    pōlēsai
    I sell
    G4453 · πωλέω
  9. εἰ
    ei
    if
    G1487 · εἰ
  10. μὴ
    mē
    not
    G3361 · μή
  11. ὁ
    ho
    the
    G3588 · ὁ
  12. ἔχων
    echōn
    I have
    G2192 · ἔχω
  13. τὸ
    to
    the
    G3588 · ὁ
  14. χάραγμα
    charagma
    sculpture
    G5480 · χάραγμα
  15. τὸ
    to
    the
    G3588 · ὁ
  16. ὄνομα
    onoma
    name
    G3686 · ὄνομα
  17. τοῦ
    tou
    the
    G3588 · ὁ
  18. θηρίου
    thēriou
    a wild beast
    G2342 · θηρίον
  19. ἢ
    ē
    or
    G2228 · ἤ
  20. τὸν
    ton
    the
    G3588 · ὁ
  21. ἀριθμὸν
    arithmon
    a number
    G706 · ἀριθμός
  22. τοῦ
    tou
    the
    G3588 · ὁ
  23. ὀνόματος
    onomatos
    name
    G3686 · ὄνομα
  24. αὐτοῦ
    autou
    he
    G846 · αὐτός