The Church Fathers on this verse

Revelation 13:16Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

And he shall make all, both little and great, rich and poor, freemen and bondmen, to have a character in their right hand or on their foreheads:

Douay-Rheims

και ποιει παντας τους μικρους και τους μεγαλους και τους πλουσιους και τους πτωχους και τους ελευθερους και τους δουλους ινα δωσωσιν δωσιν αυτοις χαραγματα χαραγμα επι της χειρος αυτων της δεξιας η επι το μετωπον των μετωπων αυτων

Greek (Byzantine text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

10 Church Fathers comment on this verse

Ephraem the Syrian

4th centuryChurch Father

We need many prayers and tears, beloved, so that any one of us may be found firm in temptations. For there will be many illusions performed by the beast.

He himself is a fighter against God, and he wants to destroy everyone.

For the tormentor will use such a method that all will have to bear upon themselves the mark of the beast, when in his own time, that is, at the fulfillment of the times, he comes to deceive all by signs.

Only in this way will they be able to buy food and everything necessary. He will appoint overseers to carry out his commands.

Notice, my brethren, the excessive malice of the beast and the devices of his wickedness. See how he begins with the belly.

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When a man is brought to extremity by lack of food, he will be forced to receive his mark, that is, the impious inscription.

It will not be on just any member of the body, but on the right hand and also on the forehead.

Thus the man will no longer be able with his right hand to imprint the sign of the Cross, nor on his forehead to mark the holy name of the Lord, or the glorious and honorable Cross of Christ our Savior.

For the wretched one knows that the imprinted Cross of the Lord destroys all his power.

Therefore he places his mark on a man's right hand, because it seals all our members with the Cross.

Likewise the forehead, like a lampstand, bears on high the lamp of light, the sign of our Savior.

Therefore, my brethren, a fearful contest will be set before all Christ-loving people. They must not fall into fear until the hour of death, nor remain inactive when the serpent inscribes his mark in place of the Savior's Cross.

For without doubt he uses such a method so that the name of the Lord and Savior may not even be named at that time.

The powerless one does this because he fears and trembles before the holy power of our Savior.

For if someone is not sealed with the mark of the beast, he will not be captivated by his illusory signs. Moreover, the Lord does not depart from such people, but enlightens them and draws them to Himself.

Whoever has compunction and tears should ask the Lord in prayer to escape the great tribulation that will come upon the earth.

Let him ask not to see the beast at all, nor to hear the terrors that will occur in various places, the earthquakes, famines, and different deaths on the earth.

A courageous soul is needed, one able, so to speak, to govern its life amid these temptations.

If a man proves even somewhat negligent, he will easily be overcome and captured by the signs of the evil and treacherous serpent.

Such a man will appear inexcusable and guilty at the Judgment, because he voluntarily believed the tormentor.

We need many prayers and tears, beloved, so that any one of us may stand firm in temptations.

The beast will bring many illusions, because he is a fighter against God and will want to destroy everyone.

Listen, my Christ-loving brethren, to what he did in the wilderness to Israel when it came out of Egypt.

See how he contrived, accursed and utterly defiled as he is, to draw all into the gravest sin.

He suggested to Balaam that he give the most evil counsel to Balak, king of Midian (Num 25; Num 31:16).

He told him to bring the city women into the tents and catch the Israelites through them, inclining them to fornication and sacrifice.

Thus God would utterly consume them as impious, when all would commit fornication with these women like irrational creatures.

The king openly set before the people women and a table at the doors, with libations and sacrifices, drawing everyone into death.

Thus whoever wished to commit fornication with those defiled women would first make a libation, and then enter the tent.

The women took nothing from the Israelites, but compelled everyone who passed by to offer sacrifice.

For the princes he brought out the daughters of princes. For the rich he brought daughters of rich men. For all the people he brought many women from the common folk, so as suddenly to catch all into death.

The rich man did not disdain the poor woman, nor the prince some commoner's daughter.

Do you see the work of unrighteousness, the wicked plot? How the serpent dug for all a pit of destruction into death!

Has any of you ever seen such a shameless deed, fornication armed with a two-edged sword?

For the women destroyed those who entered to them with a twofold dreadful death, compelling them both to offer sacrifices and to commit fornication.

The tormentor will use this very same method, so that all may bear upon themselves the mark of the beast.

This will happen when, in his own time, at the fulfillment of the fullness of the times, he comes to deceive all by signs.

Only in this way will they be able to buy food and everything necessary. To carry out the command, he will appoint rulers over the people.

Pay attention, brethren, to the excessive malice of the beast and the devices of his wickedness. He begins with the belly.

When a man is brought to extremity by lack of food, he will be forced to receive his mark.

This defiled one will place his mark not on just any bodily member, but, so that they may not be hindered by it, he will place it on the right hand of man.

He will also place the impious inscription on the forehead, so that a man may not have the ability to seal himself with the sign of Christ our Savior by his right hand.

Nor will he be able to mark on his forehead the fearful and holy name of the Lord, and the glorious and fearful Cross of the Savior.

For that wretched one knows that the Lord's Cross, if imprinted on anyone, will destroy all his power.

Therefore he will place the mark on a man's right hand, because it seals all our members with the Cross.

Likewise the forehead bears the Savior's sign upon its height, as a lampstand bears the lamp of light.

Therefore, my brethren, a fearful contest lies before all faithful and strong Christ-loving people. They must not yield until the hour of death, nor grow faint when the serpent inscribes his mark in place of the Cross.

For he will contrive in every way that the name of the Lord and Savior, His all-holy and most pure name, may not be named at all in the times of the serpent.

The weak one will do this because he fears and trembles before the holy power of the Savior's name.

For whoever is not sealed with his mark will not be a captive of his illusions. The Lord will not depart from such a one, but will enlighten his heart and draw him to Himself.

We, brethren, must understand the illusions of the hateful enemy with all exactness.

The Lord comes in peace to all of us, to overthrow the devices of the beast.

Sincerely holding the unshaken faith of Christ, let us make the enemy's power unstable.

Let us acquire an unchangeable and pious thought, and the powerless one will depart from us, unable to do anything to us.

Hippolytus of Rome

2nd centuryChurch Father

Indeed, being cunning and arrogant toward the servants of God, and wishing to destroy them and drive them out of the world because they do not give him glory, he commands everyone everywhere to set up censers.

In this way none of the saints will be able either to buy or to sell unless he first offers sacrifice. This is the mark placed on the right hand. The mark on the forehead indicates that all will be crowned and will wear a fiery crown, but not a crown of life.

It will be a crown of death. This is exactly how Antiochus Epiphanes, that Syrian king from the line of Alexander of Macedon, contrived to act against the Jews. He too, having become proud in his heart in those times, issued a decree.

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He commanded all to set up altars before the doors of their houses, to offer sacrifices, and, crowned with ivy, to hold a festival in honor of Dionysus (cf. 2 Macc 6:7; 1 Macc 1:51-64).

Those who did not wish to obey he ordered to be put to death after torments, tortures, and interrogations. Yet he himself received a fully fitting recompense from the Lord, the righteous Judge and all-seeing God. He died, eaten by worms.

If anyone wishes to know all this in detail, let him turn to the Books of the Maccabees. Everything is shown there.

Victorinus of Poetovio

3rd centuryChurch Father

And the second beast will act likewise, so that a golden image of the Antichrist will be placed in the Jerusalem temple and an apostate angel will enter there. Then he will produce incantations and oracles.

He will also cause slaves and free men to receive the mark on their forehead or on their right hand, the number of his name, so that no one may buy or sell except the one who has the mark.

Daniel had earlier spoken of this overthrow of men, contempt for God, and curse. "And he will place," he says, "in his temple, between the mountain of the sea and the two seas," that is, in Jerusalem (Dan 11:45).

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Then he will set up there a golden image, as King Nebuchadnezzar did. The Lord says this, reminding all the churches about the last times: "When you see the abomination of desolation, spoken of through the prophet Daniel, standing in the holy place, where it ought not," let the reader understand (Mt 24:15).

It is called an abomination because God abhors the worship of idols. It is called desolation because unbelieving men desolate the soul by false signs and wonders, being excluded from the number of those who will be saved.

Andrew of Caesarea

6th centuryChurch Father

[...] and he will attempt to place upon all the mark of the destructive name of the apostate and deceiver. He will place it on their right hands, to take away their power for doing good works. He will also place it on their foreheads, to make the deceived bold in deception and darkness. But those whose faces are sealed with divine light will not receive it.

Caesarius of Arles

6th centuryChurch Father

The saints who are in the Church receive Christ on the hand and on the forehead, but hypocrites receive the beast under the name of Christ. If they do not worship the beast or his image, they do not receive the mark on their forehead or on their hand.

It is not contrary to the faith to understand the beast himself as the impious city, that is, the society or agreement of all the impious or proud. It is called Babylon and understood as confusion.

To it belong those who wished to bring everything worthy into confusion. This is the people of the unbelieving, standing against the people of the faithful and the city of God.

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His image is his hypocrisy, namely in those people who seem to hold the catholic faith but live impiously. For they pretend to be what they are not, and are called Christians not according to true likeness, but according to a false image.

Of them the apostle says, "having the form of piety, but denying its power" (2 Tim 3:5). No small number of such are contained in the Catholic Church.

But the righteous do not worship the beast, that is, they do not consent and do not submit. Nor do they receive the mark, namely the criminal sign, on the forehead for what they confess, and on the hand for what they do.

Primasius of Hadrumetum

6th centuryChurch Father

It is as if he said: this deception became so strong that the inhabitants of the earth, seduced by the sign of the beast, consented helplessly and accepted it. By mutual veneration they encouraged one another to make an image of the beast in the fantasies of the heart.

Thus they no longer even thought of doubting. They were surely finally convinced by this manifest fiery false witness that he truly is Christ, while in fact he is the devil in the Antichrist. He is the same evil one who assumed the form of a spirit.

By divine permission he sets such tempting snares. For it is said, "And it was given to him to put breath into the image of the beast, so that the image of the beast should speak."

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This passage can be understood in two ways. Perhaps the whole mass of the impious yielded to suggestion because of the appearance of a miraculous testimony, the action of the devil, and the oppression of the people by their leaders.

A single confession for all and one form of praise were introduced. If anyone did not pronounce this before the image of the beast, he was killed.

On the other hand, just as by the mouth of the serpent he spoke with the woman to corrupt the first man, so now by a similar deceit he mocks many. He makes his followers receive an answer by consulting the image, that is, the Antichrist.

They consider it necessary to render honor to him as to God, although he is "the man of sin, the son of perdition" (2 Thess 2:3).

"And he will make all receive a mark on the right hand or on the forehead." Here he prefers to distinguish individual members, which he more often takes together in one mass or in the person of the beast.

The hand signifies works, and the right hand signifies feigned piety. The forehead signifies the confession of faith. Since both goods have suffered from deception, both receive the mark.

Beda Venerabilis

7th centuryChurch Father

"And he deceives those who dwell on the earth," and so forth. As it is said, his coming, according to the working of Satan, will be "with all power and signs and lying wonders" (2 Thess 2:9).

It is not entirely clear what is meant by "signs and lying wonders." It may mean that human senses will be deceived by phantoms, presenting the Antichrist as doing what he has not in fact done.

Or it may mean that the signs and wonders will be real, but will lead those who believe in them into error. Since they do not know the power of the devil, they will think such things can be done only by the power of God.

For the household of holy Job, together with a great number of cattle, perished not in phantom fire and wind, but in real fire and wind.

Arethas of Caesarea

10th centuryChurch Father

The identifying sign, τὸ γνώρισμα, is on the right hand and on the forehead. For the engraving, ἑγχάραξις, of the destructive name is opposed to the good. On the right hands, so that it may cut off, ἐκκόψῃ, the doing of good works. On the forehead, so that the added overlying part before the eyes may produce darkness in the deceived, lest they hold piety in proper dignity in those days. But those faces marked with the light of the divine countenance will not receive it. And what is the mark? The Evangelist adds: the name of the beast. This may be known in two ways, through the meaning of the name itself or through the number.

Anthemios of Jerusalem

19th centuryChurch Father

The sign on their right hand or on their forehead is the number of the beast's name, six hundred and sixty-six.

Ivanov A.V.

19th centuryChurch Father

"The mark on their right hand or on their foreheads." According to some writers, Roman soldiers bore on their hands the burned-in name or number of their legion. Slaves bore on their foreheads the name of their master. In like manner, the beast indicated here will place his name on the foreheads and hands of his slaves.

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.

The original text

Greek text, 35 words with lemma, transliteration and Strong’s number. Tap to expand.

  1. Καὶ
    kai
    and
    G2532 · καί
  2. ποιεῖ
    poiei
    I do
    G4160 · ποιέω
  3. πάντας
    pantas
    all
    G3956 · πᾶς
  4. τοὺς
    tous
    the
    G3588 · ὁ
  5. μικροὺς
    mikrous
    little
    G3398 · μικρός
  6. καὶ
    kai
    and
    G2532 · καί
  7. τοὺς
    tous
    the
    G3588 · ὁ
  8. μεγάλους
    megalous
    large
    G3173 · μέγας
  9. καὶ
    kai
    and
    G2532 · καί
  10. τοὺς
    tous
    the
    G3588 · ὁ
  11. πλουσίους
    plousious
    rich
    G4145 · πλούσιος
  12. καὶ
    kai
    and
    G2532 · καί
  13. τοὺς
    tous
    the
    G3588 · ὁ
  14. πτωχούς
    ptōchous
    poor
    G4434 · πτωχός
  15. καὶ
    kai
    and
    G2532 · καί
  16. τοὺς
    tous
    the
    G3588 · ὁ
  17. ἐλευθέρους
    eleutherous
    free
    G1658 · ἐλεύθερος
  18. καὶ
    kai
    and
    G2532 · καί
  19. τοὺς
    tous
    the
    G3588 · ὁ
  20. δούλους
    doulous
    a male slave
    G1401 · δοῦλος
  21. ἵνα
    hina
    in order that
    G2443 · ἵνα
  22. δῶσιν
    dōsin
    I offer
    G1325 · δίδωμι
  23. αὐτοῖς
    autois
    he
    G846 · αὐτός
  24. χάραγμα
    charagma
    sculpture
    G5480 · χάραγμα
  25. ἐπὶ
    epi
    on
    G1909 · ἐπί
  26. τῆς
    tēs
    the
    G3588 · ὁ
  27. χειρὸς
    cheiros
    a hand
    G5495 · χείρ
  28. αὐτῶν
    autōn
    he
    G846 · αὐτός
  29. τῆς
    tēs
    the
    G3588 · ὁ
  30. δεξιᾶς
    dexias
    on the right hand
    G1188 · δεξιός
  31. ἢ
    ē
    or
    G2228 · ἤ
  32. ἐπὶ
    epi
    on
    G1909 · ἐπί
  33. τὸ
    to
    the
    G3588 · ὁ
  34. μέτωπον
    metōpon
    the forehead
    G3359 · μέτωπον
  35. αὐτῶν
    autōn
    he
    G846 · αὐτός