The Church Fathers on this verse

Song of Songs 5:1Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

Let my beloved come into his garden, and eat the fruit of his apple trees. I am come into my garden, O my sister, my spouse, I have gathered my myrrh, with my aromatical spices: I have eaten the honeycomb with my honey, I have drunk my wine with my milk: eat, O friends, and drink, and be inebriated, my dearly beloved.

Douay-Rheims

בָּ֣אתִי לְגַנִּי֮ אֲחֹתִ֣י כַלָּה֒ אָרִ֤יתִי מוֹרִי֙ עִם־בְּשָׂמִ֔י אָכַ֤לְתִּי יַעְרִי֙ עִם־דִּבְשִׁ֔י שָׁתִ֥יתִי יֵינִ֖י עִם־חֲלָבִ֑י אִכְל֣וּ רֵעִ֔ים שְׁת֥וּ וְשִׁכְר֖וּ דּוֹדִֽים׃

Hebrew (Masoretic text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

8 Church Fathers comment on this verse · 9 commentaries

Cyrill of Alexandria

5th centuryChurch Father

To Ephraim, or Israel, the grace of God is likened to ‘the wine of Lebanon’ (Hos. 14:8-9), which signifies a rich aroma and a hint of spice from Lebanon. This points to Christ, concerning whom the blessed David proclaims: ‘wine cheers the heart of man’ (Psalm 103:15). The sacred scripture encourages us earnestly in its call: ‘Eat, and drink, and be filled, my neighbors,’ since the saints find no satisfaction in what is offered through Christ, and this spiritual intoxication proves even more beneficial.

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Consequently, as we have examined, the young men and maidens will be invited to partake generously and abundantly in the blessings from on high. They will hear God proclaiming: ‘Eat, and drink, drink ye, ye neighbors.’ These neighbors of God are not identified by physical distance (for such an understanding is unwise), but rather by their profound yearning and inclination of the soul toward the highest good, driven by love for Him. Just as wickedness can distract and distance us, so righteousness brings us before God, removing that which divides us from Him, namely sin.

Indeed, the communion of every good gift from God will overflow for those who grasp divine wisdom, for whom He calls: ‘Eat, and drink, and be filled, my neighbors.’

Through one of His holy prophets, it is conveyed: ‘Eat, and drink, and be satisfied, my neighbors; for those who were once far from God have now drawn near by faith, and those who were lost have been nourished with heavenly sustenance. For it is written, ‘Bread will strengthen the heart of man’ (Psalm 103:15).

Truly, with great joy and delight, the minds of the saints are sustained by the gifts of the Spirit, as expressed in the Song of Songs: ‘Eat, and drink, and be filled by your neighbors.’

Gregory of Nyssa

4th centuryChurch Father

And He who declared through the Prophet, “I will speak to you again,” said, “I have come” (Isaiah 58:9), before the prayer of the bride was expressed. He discerned her needs, heeded the willingness of her heart, and was already present as He soared on the wings of the southern wind, gathering the fruits of fragrant offerings, delighting in the harvest of virtue, and recounting the banquet to the bride, saying: “I have come down to the place of joy, my sister, my beloved: I will partake of my perfume with my fragrances, and share my bread with my honey; I will drink my wine with my milk: partake, my companions, my brothers, and be filled with joy, my brothers.” Do you recognize the abundance in such a request?

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The bride sought that her garden be a place of sweet fragrance, carried by the midday breeze of the south, so that the laborer might partake in the fruits of the earth. It is well understood that fragrance, in any form, affords delight to the nose, while those who partake in vegetables find them less nourishing than bread. Yet He, who descended to His place of joy, has transformed the essence of these fruits into something far more significant and precious. He gathers the myrrh with its fragrances, for all things that are “good” exist within His domain, as the prophetic scripture sings (Zechariah 9:17). He causes the trees to yield not just fruits, but bread mingled with His honey. In addition, let the prophetic text declare that His honey and other blessings come from a single source, as wine is mixed with His honey: for “from Him, and through Him, and to Him are all things” (Rom. 11:36). Oh, how blessed are these gardens, where the plantings produce such fruits, transformed into every kind of nourishment to satisfy every desire! For he who finds joy in fragrance humbles himself, and, by subduing his earthly desires, he prepares the sweet ointment of a pure and fragrant life, cultivated from many diverse flavors of virtue. To the one seeking the ultimate sustenance, it becomes bread not paired with bitterness, as the law instructs (Exod. 12:8), for in this present age bitterness serves its purpose, but sweetness will be its seasoning when the fruits of virtue bring delight to the soul, as shown in the resurrection of the Lord when He served bread to the disciples, delighting in a honeycomb (Luke 24:42). To the thirsty, He offers a cup brimming with wine and honey, unlike the sponge dipped in bitterness that was offered to the Benefactor as a gesture of goodwill. This deeper mystery is indeed known to us, as Paul, who faced death daily (1 Cor. 15:31), declared, “the sentence of death” (2 Cor. 1:9), fragrant in purity and free from passion, became as a “scent of life” to those who are being saved (2 Cor. 2:16), similar to the vital plantings of the shepherd’s vineyard bringing bread to the Lord of the vineyard, evidenced by Him who sits upon the throne: “Come and let Me eat” (Matthew 25:35), for love is the bread of joy, blessed with the sweetness of His commandments, just like those fruitful plantings of the garden, to whom He proclaims: “I was thirsty, and you gave Me drink,” offering wine to the Bridegroom, blended with milk, not with water as tavern-keepers might do. But milk, indeed, is the first nourishment for human nature—both pure and simple, in an innocent and unpretentious manner, purged from all guilt. Upon saying this to the bride, the Word invites His companions, saying, “Partake, my companions,” “and drink, and be fulfilled, my brethren”; for to those who understand the hidden truths of the Gospel, there exists no disparity between the words here and the mystery available to the disciples, for the Word conveys the same message both here and there: “eat” and “drink.” However, the counsel to rest that the Word offers to the brethren, though it may seem contrary to the Gospel, reveals itself as harmonious with the Gospel's teachings upon careful examination. For what is commanded to the friends in words, the Word indeed acted upon in reality, since all intoxication normally incites a mental frenzy, brought on by wine. Thus, the advice given here reflects the outcome produced by Divine nourishment and Divine drink, continually resulting in a transition from the lowest to the highest state and an inner exhilaration. In this manner, as prophesied, those who partake from “the stew of the house of God” and are filled with “a flood of sweetness” (Psalm 35:3) find themselves intoxicated, just as the great David did when, consumed by fervor and out of himself, he beheld the unseen beauty and declared, “All men are liars” (Psalm 115:2), entrusting the mysteries of untold treasures to the Word. Likewise, so was the youngest Benjamin—Paul—when in ecstasy he exclaimed: “If only we marveled at God” (for our ecstasy was for God); “If only we were sincere towards you” (2 Cor. 5:13), demonstrating in his words to Festus that he was not insane, but spoke words of purity and truth (Acts 26:25). I acknowledge that the blessed Peter, in a similar state of exhilaration, was both “poured out” and “intoxicated,” for before the physical food was presented, when he was “poured out and desired to eat,” divine and sober euphoria overcame him, causing him to transcend his senses and witness the vision of the Gospel “shroud” descending from above at four corners, enclosing creatures of every sort: both unclean animals and birds, each displaying a form according to their sanctuaries, embodying an animal nature devoid of speech. He commanded the Word to Peter to slay them, that after their purification, the rest may be deemed suitable when the pure Word of godliness is imparted to them, reiterating the Divine voice: “What God has cleansed, you must not call common” (Acts 10:10-15). This proclamation was made thrice to signify, through a unified voice, that God who cleanses is the Father, and likewise that God who cleanses is the only begotten Son, and also that God who purifies all unclean things is the Holy Spirit. Thus, being filled with the intoxication from the wine offered by the Lord to His companions, engendering a spiritual indulgence in divine matters, it is remarkable that the Lord beckons those who have drawn close in virtue, rather than those who are distant: “Partake, my companions,” “and drink, and be filled with joy.” For “he who eats and drinks in an unworthy manner eats and drinks judgment to himself” (1 Cor. 11:29). In a similar manner, He referred to those deserving of nourishment as brethren: “whoever does the will of God is My brother and sister and mother,” as proclaimed by the Word (Mark 3:35).

Jerome of Stridon

4th centuryChurch Father

Thus, the apostles were referred to as those who were filled with new wine. As stated in Acts 2, it is new wine (musto) and not old wine, for fresh wine is placed into new skins. They did not live by the oldness of the law but instead embraced the renewal of the spirit (Rom. 7:6). This is the wine that inspires young men and women to yearn for purity and to cast off the intoxication of impurity. Zechariah’s prophetic words come to fruition, as he speaks concerning the virgins of the Church: “The streets of the church shall be filled with young men and young women playing in it. For what is its good and what is its beautiful, if not the fruit of the elect and the wine that produces virgins?” (Zech. 8:5).

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These are the virgins referred to in the forty-fourth Psalm: “Virgins shall be brought to the king after her, her sincere ones shall be brought to thee, they shall be brought to the temple of the king with joy and gladness” (Psalm 44:15-16).

*****

I have come, my sister, the bride (Song of Songs 5:1). If you consider anything inappropriate in the term bride, the addition of sister clarifies that all shameful love is excluded. Come, my sister: love is sacred, and thus I refer to you as sister. My bride: I call you bride so that you may be a wife to me, and from you may arise a multitude of offspring, like the grapes that come from the vine.

*****

Come, drink and celebrate, brethren! (Ps. 5:1; LXX). Partake of the wine that brings joy to the heart of man (Ps. 103:15). The wine of the flesh does not bring joy but instead weighs down the heart and drives it to madness. Therefore, it is said that those who are wise choose not to drink wine.

Ambrose of Milan

4th centuryChurch Father

But the Lord, pleased with their abundant yield, proclaims: “I have come into My garden, My sister, My bride; I have gathered My myrrh with My incense, I have eaten My bread with My honey, I have drunk My wine with My milk.” Consider, then, faithful one, why I have spoken of sustenance and drink. For it is revealed that His eating and drinking remains with us; as you read in His words, even within imprisonment He dwells in us (cf. Matt. 25:35-36). Witnessing such immense grace, the Church calls her children and her neighbors to partake in the sacraments, urging, “Eat, my neighbors, drink and be filled, my brethren.” The nature of our sustenance and drink is illuminated by the Holy Spirit through the prophet: “Taste and see that the Lord is good; blessed is the man who trusts in Him” (cf.

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Ps. 33:9). Christ is present in this sacrament, for it embodies the Body of Christ. Thus, it is not mere physical nourishment, but rather spiritual sustenance; the Apostle refers to its archetype, stating that our ancestors consumed spiritual food and drank spiritual drink (cf. 1 Cor. 10:3-4). Yet, the Body of God is a spiritual Entity, the Body of Christ is of the Divine Spirit, for Christ Himself is that Spirit, as it is written: “The Spirit before our face is Christ the Lord” (Lamentations 4:20). Additionally, in Peter's epistle, we read, “Christ died for us” (1 Pet. 2:21). Ultimately, this Food fortifies our hearts, and this Drink “gladdens the heart of man,” as declared by the prophet (Ps. 103:15).

So you have approached the altar, receiving the grace of Christ alongside the heavenly sacraments. The Church celebrates the redemption of multitudes and experiences spiritual joy upon witnessing a family adorned in white beside her. This is reflected in the Song of Songs. The jubilant Church invites Christ to a prepared feast resembling a celestial banquet, proclaiming, “Let my Brother enter His garden and partake of the fruits from His fruitful trees.” What are these fruitful trees? In Adam, you were a barren tree, but now through the grace of Christ, you flourish as fruitful trees. The Lord Jesus graciously accepts the invitation, responding to His Church with heavenly reverence: “I have come into My garden; I have gathered myrrh with My incense, I have eaten My bread with My honey, and I have drunk My wine with My milk. Eat, My brothers, and drink to your heart's content.”

The renewal of the Word represents the state of the revived soul, and the fruits are those of virtue. Look, He has arrived; whether you eat or drink, as long as you call upon Christ, He is present, saying, “Come, eat my bread, and drink my wine” (Proverbs 9:5).

The Bridegroom arrives, rejoicing in the diversity of fruits, for He has discovered sustenance that is stronger and sweeter. It is akin to the bread and honey of utterance: one speech is more robust, the other more delightful. Such is faith: one aspect may be as fervent as wine, while the other may be as gentle as milk. Christ feasts within us; He savors this divine sustenance and intoxicates us, urging us to ascend from the lowest to the highest realms.

And the Bridegroom descends, delighting in the variety of her fruits, for this nourishment is potent and sweet (cf. 1 Cor. 3:2). There exists, as it were, bread and honey within His words; one aspect is fervent, the other convincing. One facet of faith may be as strong as wine, the other as gentle as milk. With these delights, Christ relishes within us, drinking this cup, and by the effect of this drink, He propels us to rise from the lowly to the lofty and best.

He partook of my bread with my honey (Song of Songs 5:1; LXX). All this is cultivated from the blossoms of various virtues, as bees whisper wisdom—each gathered through the collective efforts of these bees, the Holy Church weaves together in a honeycomb—this is the sustenance of Christ.

Yet, this intoxication brings clarity, for it is the intoxication of grace, not of sweet tastes, varied dishes, or grand conversation. For who is nobler than Christ, who at the Church's feast both serves and receives service?

Are you feeling hungry or thirsty? Wisdom beckons you to Her banquet, proclaiming to all: Come and partake of my bread and the wine I have prepared for you (Proverbs 9:5). Do melodies that please the guest bring forth joy? Listen to the Church’s invitation, hear Her sing not just hymns but the Song of Songs: Eat, my neighbors, drink, and be exhilarated, my brethren (Song of Songs 5:1)! Yet this exhilaration is one of clarity; it is the intoxication of grace rather than excess, fostering true joy rather than mere indulgence. Do not fear that you will find a lack of delightful incense, sweet delicacies, a variety of beverages, esteemed guests, or proper attendants at the Church's feast. Who is more noble than Christ, who at this celebration both serves and is served Himself?

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When He reclines at the table, draw close to Him and unite yourself with God. Do not turn away from the sustenance that Christ Himself has chosen, as He says, ‘I have entered My garden, My sister is My bride. I have gathered myrrh with my incense; I have eaten my bread with my honey, and drunk wine with my milk’ (Song of Songs 5:1). This gathering occurs in the garden, or Paradise; Adam was present there before falling into sin. Eve reclined there before she fell into and exposed sin. There, you will gather myrrh, signifying the burial of Christ, so that by being buried with Him through baptism into death, you may also be raised with Him as He rose from the dead (Rom. 6:4). You will partake of bread that refreshes the heart of man (Psalm 103:15) and savor honey that delights your palate. You will drink wine mixed with milk, representing splendor and purity, that innocent faith or unblemished grace found in the forgiveness of sins, offering the comfort that mother’s milk provides to infants, that they may grow in joy to reach the fullness of life. So come to this banquet!

Theodoret of Cyrus

5th centuryChurch Father

I entered into my chariot, my sister, my beloved: I entered, as it is written, into my chariot, which you have beautifully prepared for me, Song of Songs 5:1, and gathered my myrrh along with my fragrances, collecting my first myrrh, that which I have sown. Initially, I was willing to lay down my life for you, and then you consented to be buried with me. For you have been buried with me through baptism into death (Romans 6:4), and you have put to death your earthly desires (Colossians 3:5). Therefore, "I will partake of my myrrh along with my fragrances," and savor the fruits of your other virtues, which you have drawn from me, Song of Songs 5:1. I will share my bread sweetened with honey, that solid and delightful nourishment of the perfected, Song of Songs 5:1.

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I will drink my wine, which justifiably belongs to me. For He is the true vine (John 15:1) from which this wine is produced. "Drink of my wine," Song of Songs 5:1, along with my milk. With my milk—He does not overlook even the littlest ones who suckle, but receives from them fruits in accordance with their capacity. Being gracious, He invites His friends to partake with these words: Song of Songs 5:1 "Eat, my companions, and drink and be filled, brothers." His companions are those complete individuals who preserve the image of God in its fullness. To them, He not only encourages to drink but also to become intoxicated. For there exists a joy that cultivates wisdom rather than folly, that strengthens rather than disrupts the whole being. Blessed David speaks of this joy: "Thy cup overflows with bounty" (Psalm 22:5)—and in another verse, "They shall feast from the abundance of thy house, and from the river of thy delights thou shalt fill me" (Psalm 36:8). At last, the Bride begins to speak:

Firmilianus

3rd centuryChurch Father

The bride of Christ, the sole bearer of God's children, is the universal Church. Christ has only one bride, which is why the Apostle states, “I betroth you to one man to present the virgin pure to Christ” (2 Corinthians 11:2). Additionally, Scripture declares: “Hear ye, and see, and incline thine ear, and forget thy people; and the king shall desire thy goodness” (Ps. 44:11, 12). Moreover, it is written: “Come from Lebanon, the Bride, come and pass from the beginning of faith” (Song 4:8). It is also said: “Enter into My garden, My sister, is not a bride.” Throughout these passages, only one bride is referenced, establishing that there is but a single bride. The multitude of heretics, being divided from us, does not constitute a true bride but rather a substitute or mistress, and therefore cannot produce the children of God.

Cyrill of Jerusalem

4th centuryChurch Father

What will the one laid to rest in the garden declare? And afterward, “Smyrna and scarlet with all the first fruits” (4:14). These are the indicators of interment; the Gospel recounts that the women approached the tomb with fragrant oils (Luke 24:1). Nicodemus brought a blend of myrrh and aloes (John 19:39). It is also stated, “I have eaten my bread with my honey: I tasted bitterness in suffering, and sweetness after the resurrection.” Having risen, He ascended while the doors were locked; the disciples doubted, believing they were seeing a spirit (Luke 24:37). In response, He said, “Touch Me, and see” (37); “put your fingers into the wounds of the nails,” as Thomas did.

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But to those who doubted and rejoiced in disbelief, He asked them (41), “Do you have anything to eat?” They offered Him a honeycomb (42). Observe how these words were brought to completion: “I will eat my bread with my honey.” Therefore, reflect on the Sacred Songs, which are imbued with purity and represent the suffering of Christ. For they, while proclaiming the anguish of the Savior, also speak of the place: “He entered into the ‘heptagon’ and was buried there.” This sight was realized: and regarding the events that took place post-resurrection, they proclaim, “I will eat my bread with my honey.” For they presented Him with the honeycomb from the bees (Luke 24:42). A discourse about the man unable to walk... I revealed in verses about grapes to My beloved, and I said to her: “I have entered the chariot, My sister, My bride.” “Behold, where the chariot is crucified” (John 19:41). What do you find here? “I will drink wine and vinegar mixed with my humble wine.”

Ireneus (Orda)

19th centuryCommentator

Upon being welcomed into this garden and relishing its beautiful and delightful fruits, the bridegroom joyfully extends an invitation to his friends to share in its pleasures.

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.