The Church Fathers on this verse

Psalm 55 (54):11Meaning & Commentary from the Church Fathers

Day and night shall iniquity surround it upon its walls: and in the midst thereof are labour,

Douay-Rheims · Hebrew numbering, Septuagint numbering in brackets.

יוֹמָ֤ם וָלַ֗יְלָה יְסוֹבְבֻ֥הָ עַל־חוֹמֹתֶ֑יהָ וְאָ֖וֶן וְעָמָ֣ל בְּקִרְבָּֽהּ׃

Hebrew (Masoretic text)

The Church Fathers on this verse

5 Church Fathers comment on this verse

Augustine of Hippo

5th centuryChurch Father

I observed wickedness and contradiction within the city. This man’s journey into the wilderness was not without purpose; he recognized the iniquity and strife in the city. There exists a troubled city—a city known for building the tower, the same that faced shame and was called Babylon, scattered among many nations. From this place, the Church emerged into the wilderness of a clear conscience. He perceived the contradictions present there. Christ arrives—what Christ? You oppose—the Son of God. Is it possible for God to have a Son? You challenge—He was born of a virgin, endured suffering, and rose from the dead. Where does such belief originate? you question. Consider, at the very least, the glory of the Cross itself.

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That Cross, once a source of scorn for His enemies, now adorns the foreheads of kings. Its effect has proven its value; it conquered the world not through weaponry, but through wood. The wood of the Cross was deemed mock-worthy by the adversaries, who shook their heads before it, declaring, "If He is the Son of God, let Him come down from the Cross." He stretched out His arms to those filled with doubt and contradiction. For it is written, "the righteous shall live by faith," while the unrighteous are those without faith. The iniquity mentioned here refers to unbelief. Thus, the Lord recognized wickedness and contradiction in the city, extending His hands to a people riddled with disbelief. Yet, awaiting their response, He proclaimed, "Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do." The remnants of that city still rage and now speak in contradiction. Now He reaches out His hands to all humanity, inviting the remnant of those who doubt and oppose Him. Day and night, iniquity and toil shall encircle its walls. Upon its walls and defenses, they uphold the heads of its noblemen. If this nobleman had embraced Christianity, surely none would remain as infidels! It is often said that if he had truly been a follower of Christ, there would be no pagans left. Many assert that had he converted, who could possibly remain a heathen? Since they have yet to follow Christ, the walls of this city stand as symbols of disbelief and strife. How long will these walls endure? They shall not stand forever. The Ark circles the walls of Jericho, and when the seventh circuit is completed, the day will come when all the walls of this city, marked by disbelief and contradiction, will crumble. As long as this man is troubled by his circumstances and tolerates the presence of the obstinate, he shall seek refuge in the wilderness. Let him continue living among those who oppose, enduring threats and absorbing disdain while seeking the One who can deliver him from turmoil: let him fix his gaze on the Head, the model for his conduct, and find rest in hope, even amid his tribulations. Day and night, he will be encircled by the walls of iniquity and toil, and the oppression of injustice will be present. The reason for this labor is the presence of iniquity; where there is injustice, labor follows. Yet let them hear as He extends His hands, saying, "Come to Me, all you who are weary." You may raise your voices in contradiction and insult; but He invites all who labor in pride to instead rest in His humility. He calls, "Learn from Me, for I am gentle and humble in heart, and you will find rest for your souls." What are they toiling for, if not for the lack of humility? God exemplified humility; let mankind renounce pride.

Theodoret of Cyrus

5th centuryChurch Father

I believe that these statements do not pertain to the honored David; because at that period, Jerusalem had not yet been acquired by the Jews, and no other city was acknowledged as royal. Consequently, it appears that the Prophet both predicts the conflict and resistance of Jerusalem against the law, and lists all its sins - such as wickedness, injustice, moral corruption, and deceitfulness, which ultimately led the Jews to reject the teachings of the Savior.

Euthymios Zigabenos

11th centuryCommentator

It will swirl through its very essence, circulating around and within its boundaries. The transgressions of the law will permeate the city of Jerusalem continuously, both day and night, filling every corner of the city. The Jewish people were committed to lawlessness even after the crucifixion, by which they handed over the Lord Christ, until the Romans overcame them and wiped out their nation, a full forty years following the Lord’s ascension. According to Isychius, during the trial of Christ, the authorities, namely Pilate and the Jewish leaders, contradicted one another: one claimed he found no grounds for death in this man, while the other insisted that under their law, He deserved to die. The reference to day signifies the time of His crucifixion, and night refers to His betrayal.

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The mention of walls symbolizes the priests, who served as the stronghold of the people. The text speaks of iniquity and unrighteousness—iniquity denotes their failure to uphold the law spiritually, while unrighteousness reflects their betrayal of the Son, the divine Healer and Sustainer, despite receiving numerous blessings from the Father. We must also ensure that iniquity does not taint our virtues, whether by day or night, and that we do not allow contradictions to take root. Iniquity leads to toil, and unrighteousness infiltrates the community. David emphasizes iniquity to more profoundly condemn Jerusalem and its inhabitants, who, prideful in their adherence to God’s law, continuously committed offenses against it. His earlier assertion that lawlessness surrounded Jerusalem suggests that it will invade the city itself, corrupting the judgments of its leaders, leading citizens to deceitful actions and accusations against the innocent, and fostering unrighteousness in the acquisition of others’ possessions.

Irenaeus (Klementjewsky)

18th centuryCommentator

He proceeds to illustrate the wickedness of the city from which he faced persecution, using a striking analogy to convey that sin, akin to a fortified soldier, had seized its ramparts, preventing the truth from reaching it. He notes that lawlessness encircles the city incessantly, similar to a watchful guard; meanwhile, the only activity within consists of toil, reflecting the suffering of the impoverished and the injustice wrought by the powerful who exploit them without fear of retribution. Deceit and flattery abound in abundance. This oppression manifests both overtly, as the wealthy in the high places demand excess from the poor, and covertly, as they assault and torment them through various cunning schemes and tricks.

Psalter with Commentaries (Cave Monastery in Kiew)

19th centuryCommentator

This psalm, inspired by the Holy Spirit and composed by David, was entrusted to Asaph, the leader of his choir, so that it could be sung with understanding by all. Its strength lies in its conclusion, centered in Christ and especially in His sacred Passion. The entire world is shrouded in darkness, and every person is deceitful; yet the Lord came to redeem the first Adam. Let us earnestly pray for God to send us the Holy Spirit, so we may turn to Him in reverence and quell the malevolent force—the sin that resides within our soul and body. He renders this salvation mysterious to those who relentlessly yearn for and seek Him.

Cross references

Passages read together with this verse.